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Perspective of Thermal Analysis and Management for Permanent Magnet Machines, with Particular Reference to Hotspot Temperatures

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  • Zi-Qiang Zhu

    (Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK)

  • Dawei Liang

    (Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK)

Abstract

Permanent magnet (PM) machines have been extensively used for various applications. Nevertheless, thermal effect, particularly hotspot temperature, not only severely restricts power/torque density but also leads to deteriorations in electromagnetic performance, service life, and reliability. Starting with foundations of PM machines and heat transfer mechanisms, this paper reviews the development of thermal analysis methods over the last thirty years and the state-of-the-art research achievements, and the hotspot temperatures of winding and PM are particularly evaluated. In the overview, various machine losses and cooling techniques are first introduced, which are the essential reasons for temperature rise and the most straightforward way to remove the generated heat. Afterwards, the mainstream thermal analysis techniques, i.e., numerical techniques, lumped-parameter thermal model, and hybrid thermal models, as well as the online electrical parameter-based and thermal model-based temperature monitoring techniques, are reviewed and assessed in depth. In addition, this paper also reviews the analytical thermal modelling methods for winding and PM. Finally, future research trends are highlighted.

Suggested Citation

  • Zi-Qiang Zhu & Dawei Liang, 2022. "Perspective of Thermal Analysis and Management for Permanent Magnet Machines, with Particular Reference to Hotspot Temperatures," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-51, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:21:p:8189-:d:961559
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Qingsong Wang & Yu Wu & Shuangxia Niu & Xing Zhao, 2022. "Advances in Thermal Management Technologies of Electrical Machines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-17, April.
    2. Qixu Chen & Dechen Wu & Guoli Li & Wenping Cao & Zhe Qian & Qunjing Wang, 2021. "Development of a Fast Thermal Model for Calculating the Temperature of the Interior PMSM," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-17, November.
    3. Paul Waide & Conrad U. Brunner, 2011. "Energy-Efficiency Policy Opportunities for Electric Motor-Driven Systems," IEA Energy Papers 2011/7, OECD Publishing.
    4. David C. Deisenroth & Michael Ohadi, 2019. "Thermal Management of High-Power Density Electric Motors for Electrification of Aviation and Beyond," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-18, September.
    5. Petrica Taras & Reza Nilifard & Zi-Qiang Zhu & Ziad Azar, 2022. "Cooling Techniques in Direct-Drive Generators for Wind Power Application," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-29, August.
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