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Monte Carlo Simulation Methodology to Assess the Impact of Ambient Wind on Emissions from a Light-Commercial Vehicle Running on the Worldwide-Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC)

Author

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  • Alexandros T. Zachiotis

    (Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece)

  • Evangelos G. Giakoumis

    (Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece)

Abstract

A Monte Carlo simulation methodology is suggested in order to assess the impact of ambient wind on a vehicle’s performance and emissions. A large number of random wind profiles is generated by implementing the Weibull and uniform statistical distributions for wind speed and direction, respectively. Wind speed data are drawn from eight cities across Europe. The vehicle considered is a diesel-powered, turbocharged, light-commercial vehicle and the baseline trip is the worldwide harmonized light-duty vehicles WLTC cycle. A detailed engine-mapping approach is used as the basis for the results, complemented with experimentally derived correction coefficients to account for engine transients. The properties of interest are (engine-out) NO and soot emissions, as well as fuel and energy consumption and CO 2 emissions. Results from this study show that there is an aggregate increase in all properties, vis-à-vis the reference case (i.e., zero wind), if ambient wind is to be accounted for in road load calculation. Mean wind speeds for the different sites examined range from 14.6 km/h to 24.2 km/h. The average increase in the properties studied, across all sites, ranges from 0.22% up to 2.52% depending on the trip and the property (CO 2 , soot, NO, energy consumption) examined. Based on individual trip assessment, it was found that especially at high vehicle speeds where wind drag becomes the major road load force, CO 2 emissions may increase by 28%, NO emissions by 22%, and soot emissions by 13% in the presence of strong headwinds. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the adverse effect of headwinds far exceeds the positive effect of tailwinds, thus explaining the overall increase in fuel/energy consumption as well as emissions, while also highlighting the shortcomings of the current certification procedure, which neglects ambient wind effects.

Suggested Citation

  • Alexandros T. Zachiotis & Evangelos G. Giakoumis, 2021. "Monte Carlo Simulation Methodology to Assess the Impact of Ambient Wind on Emissions from a Light-Commercial Vehicle Running on the Worldwide-Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-24, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:3:p:661-:d:488610
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wendan Zhang & Jian Lu & Ping Xu & Yi Zhang, 2015. "Moving towards Sustainability: Road Grades and On-Road Emissions of Heavy-Duty Vehicles—A Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(9), pages 1-28, September.
    2. Bishop, Justin D.K. & Stettler, Marc E.J. & Molden, N. & Boies, Adam M., 2016. "Engine maps of fuel use and emissions from transient driving cycles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 202-217.
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    4. Evangelos G. Giakoumis & Alexandros T. Zachiotis, 2017. "Investigation of a Diesel-Engined Vehicle’s Performance and Emissions during the WLTC Driving Cycle—Comparison with the NEDC," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-19, February.
    5. Küng, Lukas & Bütler, Thomas & Georges, Gil & Boulouchos, Konstantinos, 2019. "How much energy does a car need on the road?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
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