IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i18p5835-d636286.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Forced Convective Hybrid-Solar Dryer during Drying Process of Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Leaves

Author

Listed:
  • Hamed Karami

    (Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran)

  • Mohammad Kaveh

    (Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran)

  • Iman Golpour

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Urmia University, Urmia 57561-51818, Iran)

  • Esmail Khalife

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Erbil 44001, Iraq)

  • Robert Rusinek

    (Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland)

  • Bohdan Dobrzański

    (Pomology, Nursery and Enology Department, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-400 Lublin, Poland)

  • Marek Gancarz

    (Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
    Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 116B, 30-149 Kraków, Poland)

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the energy and exergy indices of the rosemary drying process in a hybrid-solar dryer (HSD) and the effects of air-drying parameters on these thermodynamic indices. Drying experiments were carried out at four levels of air temperature (40, 50, 60, and 70 ? C) and three levels of air velocity (1, 1.5, and 2 m/s). Energy and exergy were calculated by application of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Based on the principal laws, energy efficiency, exergy losses, and exergetic improvement potential rate, were evaluated. The results showed that the energy utilization ratio (EUR) ranged from 0.246 to 0.502, and energy utilization (EU) ranged from 0.017 to 0.060 (kJ/s). Exergy loss and efficiency varied from 0.009 to 0.028 (kJ/s) and from 35.08% to 78.5%, respectively, and increased with increased temperature and air velocity. It was found that the exergy loss rate was affected by temperature and air velocity because the overall heat transfer coefficient was different under these conditions. By comparison, with increasing temperature and air velocity, the exergy efficiency increased. Because most energy is used to evaporate moisture, this behavior may be explained by improved energy utilization. The drying chamber sustainability index ranged from 0.0129 to 0.0293. This study provides insights into the optimization process of drying operations and operational parameters in solar hybrid dryers that reduce energy losses and consumption.

Suggested Citation

  • Hamed Karami & Mohammad Kaveh & Iman Golpour & Esmail Khalife & Robert Rusinek & Bohdan Dobrzański & Marek Gancarz, 2021. "Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Forced Convective Hybrid-Solar Dryer during Drying Process of Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Leaves," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-17, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:18:p:5835-:d:636286
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/18/5835/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/18/5835/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Vijayan, S. & Arjunan, T.V. & Kumar, Anil, 2020. "Exergo-environmental analysis of an indirect forced convection solar dryer for drying bitter gourd slices," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 2210-2223.
    2. Beigi, Mohsen & Tohidi, Mojtaba & Torki-Harchegani, Mehdi, 2017. "Exergetic analysis of deep-bed drying of rough rice in a convective dryer," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(P1), pages 374-382.
    3. Aviara, Ndubisi A. & Onuoha, Lovelyn N. & Falola, Oluwakemi E. & Igbeka, Joseph C., 2014. "Energy and exergy analyses of native cassava starch drying in a tray dryer," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 809-817.
    4. Liu, Zi-Liang & Zielinska, Magdalena & Yang, Xu-Hai & Yu, Xian-Long & Chen, Chang & Wang, Hui & Wang, Jun & Pan, Zhongli & Xiao, Hong-Wei, 2021. "Moisturizing strategy for enhanced convective drying of mushroom slices," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 728-739.
    5. Amer, Baher M.A. & Gottschalk, Klaus & Hossain, M.A., 2018. "Integrated hybrid solar drying system and its drying kinetics of chamomile," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 539-547.
    6. Ndukwu, M.C. & Bennamoun, L. & Abam, F.I. & Eke, A.B. & Ukoha, D., 2017. "Energy and exergy analysis of a solar dryer integrated with sodium sulfate decahydrate and sodium chloride as thermal storage medium," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1182-1192.
    7. Lakshmi, D.V.N. & Muthukumar, P. & Layek, Apurba & Nayak, Prakash Kumar, 2018. "Drying kinetics and quality analysis of black turmeric (Curcuma caesia) drying in a mixed mode forced convection solar dryer integrated with thermal energy storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 23-34.
    8. Safoura Zadhossein & Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh & Mohammad Kaveh & Mariusz Szymanek & Esmail Khalife & Olusegun D. Samuel & Milad Amiri & Jacek Dziwulski, 2021. "Exergy and Energy Analyses of Microwave Dryer for Cantaloupe Slice and Prediction of Thermodynamic Parameters Using ANN and ANFIS Algorithms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-19, August.
    9. Yogendrasasidhar, D. & Pydi Setty, Y., 2018. "Drying kinetics, exergy and energy analyses of Kodo millet grains and Fenugreek seeds using wall heated fluidized bed dryer," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 799-811.
    10. Karthikeyan, A.K. & Murugavelh, S., 2018. "Thin layer drying kinetics and exergy analysis of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in a mixed mode forced convection solar tunnel dryer," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 128(PA), pages 305-312.
    11. Tagnamas, Zakaria & Lamsyehe, Hamza & Moussaoui, Haytem & Bahammou, Younes & Kouhila, Mounir & Idlimam, Ali & Lamharrar, Abdelkader, 2021. "Energy and exergy analyses of carob pulp drying system based on a solar collector," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 495-503.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Zahra Parhizi & Hamed Karami & Iman Golpour & Mohammad Kaveh & Mariusz Szymanek & Ana M. Blanco-Marigorta & José Daniel Marcos & Esmail Khalife & Stanisław Skowron & Nashwan Adnan Othman & Yousef Darv, 2022. "Modeling and Optimization of Energy and Exergy Parameters of a Hybrid-Solar Dryer for Basil Leaf Drying Using RSM," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-27, July.
    2. Antonio Quijano & Celena Lorenzo & Antonio Berlanga & Luis Narvarte, 2024. "Technical Evaluation of a Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Heat Pump Dryer without Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-17, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Masud, Mahadi Hasan & Himel, Md. Hasibul Hasan & Ahmed, Mim Mashrur & Chowdhury, Sami Ahbab & Dabnichki, Peter, 2024. "Energy, exergy, exergo-economic and exergo-environmental analysis of waste heat-based convective dryer," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    2. Erick César, López-Vidaña & Ana Lilia, César-Munguía & Octavio, García-Valladares & Orlando, Salgado Sandoval & Alfredo, Domínguez Niño, 2021. "Energy and exergy analyses of a mixed-mode solar dryer of pear slices (Pyrus communis L)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    3. Madhankumar, S. & Viswanathan, Karthickeyan & Wu, Wei, 2021. "Energy, exergy and environmental impact analysis on the novel indirect solar dryer with fins inserted phase change material," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 280-294.
    4. Asim Ahmad & Om Prakash & Anil Kumar & Rajeshwari Chatterjee & Shubham Sharma & Vineet Kumar & Kushagra Kulshreshtha & Changhe Li & Elsayed Mohamed Tag Eldin, 2022. "A Comprehensive State-of-the-Art Review on the Recent Developments in Greenhouse Drying," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-42, December.
    5. EL-Mesery, Hany S. & EL-Seesy, Ahmed I. & Hu, Zicheng & Li, Yang, 2022. "Recent developments in solar drying technology of food and agricultural products: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    6. Liu, Zi-Liang & Zielinska, Magdalena & Yang, Xu-Hai & Yu, Xian-Long & Chen, Chang & Wang, Hui & Wang, Jun & Pan, Zhongli & Xiao, Hong-Wei, 2021. "Moisturizing strategy for enhanced convective drying of mushroom slices," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 728-739.
    7. Atalay, Halil, 2019. "Performance analysis of a solar dryer integrated with the packed bed thermal energy storage (TES) system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 1037-1052.
    8. Li, Chengjie & Chen, Yifu & Zhang, Xuefeng & Mozafari, Ghazaleh & Fang, Zhuangdong & Cao, Yankai & Li, Changyou, 2022. "Exergy analysis and optimisation of an industrial-scale circulation counter-flow paddy drying process," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
    9. Silva, Gisele Mol da & Ferreira, André Guimarães & Coutinho, Rogério Morouço & Maia, Cristiana Brasil, 2021. "Energy and exergy analysis of the drying of corn grains," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 1942-1950.
    10. Bin Li & Changyou Li & Tao Li & Zhiheng Zeng & Wenyan Ou & Chengjie Li, 2019. "Exergetic, Energetic, and Quality Performance Evaluation of Paddy Drying in a Novel Industrial Multi-Field Synergistic Dryer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-19, December.
    11. Rani, Poonam & Tripathy, P.P., 2021. "Drying characteristics, energetic and exergetic investigation during mixed-mode solar drying of pineapple slices at varied air mass flow rates," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 508-519.
    12. Gupta, Ankur & Das, Biplab & Biswas, Agnimitra & Mondol, Jayanta Deb, 2022. "Sustainability and 4E analysis of novel solar photovoltaic-thermal solar dryer under forced and natural convection drying," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 1008-1021.
    13. Ekka, Jasinta Poonam & Muthukumar, P., 2024. "Exergy efficiency and sustainability indicators of forced convection mixed mode solar dryer system for drying process," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    14. Rashidi, Milad & Arabhosseini, Akbar & Samimi-Akhijahani, Hadi & Kermani, Ali M., 2021. "Acceleration the drying process of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) using reflectors and desiccant system in a solar drying system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 526-541.
    15. Andrea Aquino & Pietro Poesio, 2021. "Off-Design Exergy Analysis of Convective Drying Using a Two-Phase Multispecies Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-36, January.
    16. Lakshmi, D.V.N. & Muthukumar, P. & Nayak, Prakash Kumar, 2021. "Experimental investigations on active solar dryers integrated with thermal storage for drying of black pepper," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 728-739.
    17. Efendi, Mohamad, 2024. "Influence of glazing type on the drying kinetics and thermal performance of indirect solar dryer for jelly candy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    18. Zahra Parhizi & Hamed Karami & Iman Golpour & Mohammad Kaveh & Mariusz Szymanek & Ana M. Blanco-Marigorta & José Daniel Marcos & Esmail Khalife & Stanisław Skowron & Nashwan Adnan Othman & Yousef Darv, 2022. "Modeling and Optimization of Energy and Exergy Parameters of a Hybrid-Solar Dryer for Basil Leaf Drying Using RSM," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-27, July.
    19. Ceylin Şirin & Fatih Selimefendigil & Hakan Fehmi Öztop, 2023. "Performance Analysis and Identification of an Indirect Photovoltaic Thermal Dryer with Aluminum Oxide Nano-Embedded Thermal Energy Storage Modification," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-27, January.
    20. El Hage, Hicham & Herez, Amal & Ramadan, Mohamad & Bazzi, Hassan & Khaled, Mahmoud, 2018. "An investigation on solar drying: A review with economic and environmental assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 815-829.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:18:p:5835-:d:636286. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.