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Risk Assessment Method Combining Independent Protection Layers (IPL) of Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) and RISKCURVES Software: Case Study of Hydrogen Refueling Stations in Urban Areas

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  • Byoungjik Park

    (Fire Research Institute, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang-si 18544, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
    School of Social Safety System Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Korea)

  • Yangkyun Kim

    (Fire Research Institute, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang-si 18544, Gyeonggi-do, Korea)

  • Kwanwoo Lee

    (School of Social Safety System Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Korea)

  • Shinwon Paik

    (School of Social Safety System Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Korea)

  • Chankyu Kang

    (School of Social Safety System Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Korea)

Abstract

The commercialization of eco-friendly hydrogen vehicles has elicited attempts to expand hydrogen refueling stations in urban areas; however, safety measures to reduce the risk of jet fires have not been established. The RISKCURVES software was used to evaluate the individual and societal risks of hydrogen refueling stations in urban areas, and the F–N (Frequency–Number of fatalities) curve was used to compare whether the safety measures satisfied international standards. From the results of the analysis, it was found that there is a risk of explosion in the expansion of hydrogen refueling stations in urban areas, and safety measures should be considered. To lower the risk of hydrogen refueling stations, this study applied the passive and active independent protection layers (IPLs) of LOPA (Layer of Protection Analysis) and confirmed that these measures significantly reduced societal risk as well as individual risk and met international standards. In particular, such measures could effectively reduce the impact of jet fire in dispensers and tube trailers that had a high risk. Measures employing both IPL types were efficient in meeting international standard criteria; however, passive IPLs were found to have a greater risk reduction effect than active IPLs. The combination of RISKCURVES and LOPA is an appropriate risk assessment method that can reduce work time and mitigate risks through protective measures compared to existing risk assessment methods. This method can be applied to risk assessment and risk mitigation not only for hydrogen facilities, but also for hazardous materials with high fire or explosion risk.

Suggested Citation

  • Byoungjik Park & Yangkyun Kim & Kwanwoo Lee & Shinwon Paik & Chankyu Kang, 2021. "Risk Assessment Method Combining Independent Protection Layers (IPL) of Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) and RISKCURVES Software: Case Study of Hydrogen Refueling Stations in Urban Areas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-13, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:13:p:4043-:d:588629
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Junji Sakamoto & Hitoshi Misono & Jo Nakayama & Naoya Kasai & Tadahiro Shibutani & Atsumi Miyake, 2018. "Evaluation of Safety Measures of a Hydrogen Fueling Station Using Physical Modeling," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-16, October.
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    5. Jacek Jaworski & Paweł Kułaga & Tomasz Blacharski, 2020. "Study of the Effect of Addition of Hydrogen to Natural Gas on Diaphragm Gas Meters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-20, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Changsoo Kim & Younggeun Lee & Kyeongsu Kim, 2023. "Comparative Risk Assessment of a Hydrogen Refueling Station Using Gaseous Hydrogen and Formic Acid as the Hydrogen Carrier," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-13, March.
    2. Jongbeom Kwak & Haktae Lee & Somin Park & Jaehyuk Park & Seungho Jung, 2023. "Risk Assessment of a Hydrogen Refueling Station in an Urban Area," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-18, May.

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