IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i13p3912-d585143.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

On the Optimization of Electrical Water Heaters: Modelling Simulations and Experimentation

Author

Listed:
  • Wassim Salameh

    (Energy and Thermo-Fluid Group, Lebanese International University LIU, Bekaa 1803, Lebanon)

  • Jalal Faraj

    (Energy and Thermo-Fluid Group, International University of Beirut BIU, Beirut 146404, Lebanon
    Faculty of Technology, Lebanese University, Saida 1600, Lebanon)

  • Elias Harika

    (Energy and Thermo-Fluid Group, Lebanese International University LIU, Bekaa 1803, Lebanon)

  • Rabih Murr

    (Energy and Thermo-Fluid Group, Lebanese International University LIU, Bekaa 1803, Lebanon)

  • Mahmoud Khaled

    (Energy and Thermo-Fluid Group, International University of Beirut BIU, Beirut 146404, Lebanon)

Abstract

In the context of a world energy crisis, the only solution to control the situation is in the management of energy. One of the most important management keys is the optimization of electrical components. This article presents a complete numerical and experimental study aiming for the optimization of electrical water heaters for household use. The optimization conceives the minimization of energy consumption simultaneously with the minimization of time to heat water. Firstly, a thermal model well adapted for the case of heaters is constructed and validated experimentally and then a parametric study is conducted covering all the input power, the volume and the external area of the heater. Results are promising, showing significant energy savings are possible with an optimum setting of these parameters, thus presenting a firm tool for the optimization of heaters.

Suggested Citation

  • Wassim Salameh & Jalal Faraj & Elias Harika & Rabih Murr & Mahmoud Khaled, 2021. "On the Optimization of Electrical Water Heaters: Modelling Simulations and Experimentation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-12, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:13:p:3912-:d:585143
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/13/3912/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/13/3912/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fiorentini, Massimo & Wall, Josh & Ma, Zhenjun & Braslavsky, Julio H. & Cooper, Paul, 2017. "Hybrid model predictive control of a residential HVAC system with on-site thermal energy generation and storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 465-479.
    2. Mika Korkeakoski, 2021. "Towards 100% Renewables by 2030: Transition Alternatives for a Sustainable Electricity Sector in Isla de la Juventud, Cuba," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-22, May.
    3. José Marco Lourenço & Laura Aelenei & Miguel Sousa & Jorge Facão & Helder Gonçalves, 2021. "Thermal Behavior of a BIPV Combined with Water Storage: An Experimental Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-19, April.
    4. Kuboth, Sebastian & Heberle, Florian & König-Haagen, Andreas & Brüggemann, Dieter, 2019. "Economic model predictive control of combined thermal and electric residential building energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C), pages 372-385.
    5. Kedar Mehta & Mathias Ehrenwirth & Christoph Trinkl & Wilfried Zörner & Rick Greenough, 2021. "The Energy Situation in Central Asia: A Comprehensive Energy Review Focusing on Rural Areas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-27, May.
    6. Rıdvan Karacan & Shahriyar Mukhtarov & İsmail Barış & Aykut İşleyen & Mehmet Emin Yardımcı, 2021. "The Impact of Oil Price on Transition toward Renewable Energy Consumption? Evidence from Russia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-14, May.
    7. Teo, H.G. & Lee, P.S. & Hawlader, M.N.A., 2012. "An active cooling system for photovoltaic modules," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(1), pages 309-315.
    8. Maghami, Mohammad Reza & Hizam, Hashim & Gomes, Chandima & Radzi, Mohd Amran & Rezadad, Mohammad Ismael & Hajighorbani, Shahrooz, 2016. "Power loss due to soiling on solar panel: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 1307-1316.
    9. Ruijuan Sun & Gayan Abeynayake & Jun Liang & Kewen Wang, 2021. "Reliability and Economic Evaluation of Offshore Wind Power DC Collection Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-24, May.
    10. Teegala Srinivasa Kishore & Epari Ritesh Patro & V. S. K. V. Harish & Ali Torabi Haghighi, 2021. "A Comprehensive Study on the Recent Progress and Trends in Development of Small Hydropower Projects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-31, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Michael J. Ritchie & Jacobus A. A. Engelbrecht & M. J. (Thinus) Booysen, 2021. "Which Strategy Saves the Most Energy for Stratified Water Heaters?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-12, August.
    2. Michael J. Ritchie & Jacobus A. A. Engelbrecht & Marthinus J. Booysen, 2022. "Centrally Adapted Optimal Control of Multiple Electric Water Heaters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-24, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hanifi, Hamed & Pander, Matthias & Zeller, Ulli & Ilse, Klemens & Dassler, David & Mirza, Mark & Bahattab, Mohammed A. & Jaeckel, Bengt & Hagendorf, Christian & Ebert, Matthias & Gottschalg, Ralph & S, 2020. "Loss analysis and optimization of PV module components and design to achieve higher energy yield and longer service life in desert regions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    2. Cui, Can & Zhang, Xin & Cai, Wenjian, 2020. "An energy-saving oriented air balancing method for demand controlled ventilation systems with branch and black-box model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    3. Lu, Yakai & Tian, Zhe & Zhou, Ruoyu & Liu, Wenjing, 2021. "A general transfer learning-based framework for thermal load prediction in regional energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 217(C).
    4. Hiroyuki Taguchi & Aktamov Asomiddin, 2022. "Energy-Use Inefficiency and Policy Governance in Central Asian Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-15, February.
    5. Fabiana Lisco & Farwah Bukhari & Soňa Uličná & Kenan Isbilir & Kurt L. Barth & Alan Taylor & John M. Walls, 2020. "Degradation of Hydrophobic, Anti-Soiling Coatings for Solar Module Cover Glass," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-15, July.
    6. Mostafa. F. Shaaban & Amal Alarif & Mohamed Mokhtar & Usman Tariq & Ahmed H. Osman & A. R. Al-Ali, 2020. "A New Data-Based Dust Estimation Unit for PV Panels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-17, July.
    7. Ghaith, Ahmad F. & Epplin, Francis M. & Frazier, R. Scott, 2017. "Economics of grid-tied household solar panel systems versus grid-only electricity," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 407-424.
    8. Sueyoshi, Toshiyuki & Goto, Mika, 2017. "Measurement of returns to scale on large photovoltaic power stations in the United States and Germany," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 306-320.
    9. Gianluca Serale & Massimo Fiorentini & Alfonso Capozzoli & Daniele Bernardini & Alberto Bemporad, 2018. "Model Predictive Control (MPC) for Enhancing Building and HVAC System Energy Efficiency: Problem Formulation, Applications and Opportunities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-35, March.
    10. Sergey Zhironkin & Fares Abu-Abed & Elena Dotsenko, 2023. "The Development of Renewable Energy in Mineral Resource Clusters—The Case of the Siberian Federal District," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-28, April.
    11. Qi Zhang & Yi Hu & Jianbin Jiao & Shouyang Wang, 2022. "Exploring the Trend of Commodity Prices: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-22, August.
    12. Sueyoshi, Toshiyuki & Goto, Mika, 2014. "Photovoltaic power stations in Germany and the United States: A comparative study by data envelopment analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 271-288.
    13. Del Pero, Claudio & Aste, Niccolò & Leonforte, Fabrizio, 2021. "The effect of rain on photovoltaic systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 1803-1814.
    14. Jing Zhao & Yu Shan, 2020. "A Fuzzy Control Strategy Using the Load Forecast for Air Conditioning System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-17, January.
    15. Tarragona, Joan & Pisello, Anna Laura & Fernández, Cèsar & Cabeza, Luisa F. & Payá, Jorge & Marchante-Avellaneda, Javier & de Gracia, Alvaro, 2022. "Analysis of thermal energy storage tanks and PV panels combinations in different buildings controlled through model predictive control," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PC).
    16. Mariz B. Arias & Sungwoo Bae, 2021. "Solar Photovoltaic Power Prediction Using Big Data Tools," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-19, December.
    17. Khairul Eahsun Fahim & Liyanage C. De Silva & Fayaz Hussain & Sk. A. Shezan & Hayati Yassin, 2023. "An Evaluation of ASEAN Renewable Energy Path to Carbon Neutrality," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-27, April.
    18. Pawluk, Robert E. & Chen, Yuxiang & She, Yuntong, 2019. "Photovoltaic electricity generation loss due to snow – A literature review on influence factors, estimation, and mitigation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 171-182.
    19. Kane, Aarti & Verma, Vishal & Singh, Bhim, 2017. "Optimization of thermoelectric cooling technology for an active cooling of photovoltaic panel," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 1295-1305.
    20. Wu, Long & Yin, Xunyuan & Pan, Lei & Liu, Jinfeng, 2023. "Distributed economic predictive control of integrated energy systems for enhanced synergy and grid response: A decomposition and cooperation strategy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:13:p:3912-:d:585143. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.