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Voltage-Based Droop Control of Electric Vehicles in Distribution Grids under Different Charging Power Levels

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  • Muhandiram Arachchige Subodha Tharangi Ireshika

    (Illwerke vkw Endowed Professorship for Energy Efficiency, Energy Research Center, Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria
    Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, 4879 Grimstad, Norway
    Josef Ressel Center for Applied Scientific Computing in Energy, Finance and Logistics, Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria)

  • Ruben Lliuyacc-Blas

    (Illwerke vkw Endowed Professorship for Energy Efficiency, Energy Research Center, Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria
    Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, 4879 Grimstad, Norway)

  • Peter Kepplinger

    (Illwerke vkw Endowed Professorship for Energy Efficiency, Energy Research Center, Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria
    Josef Ressel Center for Applied Scientific Computing in Energy, Finance and Logistics, Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria)

Abstract

If left uncontrolled, electric vehicle charging poses severe challenges to distribution grid operation. Resulting issues are expected to be mitigated by charging control. In particular, voltage-based charging control, by relying only on the local measurements of voltage at the point of connection, provides an autonomous communication-free solution. The controller, attached to the charging equipment, compares the measured voltage to a reference voltage and adapts the charging power using a droop control characteristic. We present a systematic study of the voltage-based droop control method for electric vehicles to establish the usability of the method for all the currently available residential electric vehicle charging possibilities considering a wide range of electric vehicle penetrations. Voltage limits are evaluated according to the international standard EN50160, using long-term load flow simulations based on a real distribution grid topology and real load profiles. The results achieved show that the voltage-based droop controller is able to mitigate the under voltage problems completely in distribution grids in cases either deploying low charging power levels or exhibiting low penetration rates. For high charging rates and high penetrations, the control mechanism improves the overall voltage profile, but it does not remedy the under voltage problems completely. The evaluation also shows the controller’s ability to reduce the peak power at the transformer and indicates the impact it has on users due to the reduction in the average charging rates. The outcomes of the paper provide the distribution grid operators an insight on the voltage-based droop control mechanism for the future grid planning and investments.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhandiram Arachchige Subodha Tharangi Ireshika & Ruben Lliuyacc-Blas & Peter Kepplinger, 2021. "Voltage-Based Droop Control of Electric Vehicles in Distribution Grids under Different Charging Power Levels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-12, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:13:p:3905-:d:584639
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Samy Faddel & Ali T. Al-Awami & Osama A. Mohammed, 2018. "Charge Control and Operation of Electric Vehicles in Power Grids: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-21, March.
    2. Shareef, Hussain & Islam, Md. Mainul & Mohamed, Azah, 2016. "A review of the stage-of-the-art charging technologies, placement methodologies, and impacts of electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 403-420.
    3. García-Villalobos, J. & Zamora, I. & San Martín, J.I. & Asensio, F.J. & Aperribay, V., 2014. "Plug-in electric vehicles in electric distribution networks: A review of smart charging approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 717-731.
    4. Green II, Robert C. & Wang, Lingfeng & Alam, Mansoor, 2011. "The impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on distribution networks: A review and outlook," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 544-553, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Matteo Ravasio & Gian Paolo Incremona & Patrizio Colaneri & Andrea Dolcini & Piero Moia, 2021. "Distributed Nonlinear AIMD Algorithms for Electric Bus Charging Plants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-17, July.
    2. Bernd Thormann & Thomas Kienberger, 2022. "Estimation of Grid Reinforcement Costs Triggered by Future Grid Customers: Influence of the Quantification Method (Scaling vs. Large-Scale Simulation) and Coincidence Factors (Single vs. Multiple Appl," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-26, February.

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