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Energy Diversification and Security in the EU: Comparative Assessment in Different EU Regions

Author

Listed:
  • Dalia Streimikiene

    (Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos 3, LT-44403 Kaunas, Lithuania)

  • Indre Siksnelyte-Butkiene

    (Kaunas Faculty, Vilnius University, Muitines 8, LT-44280 Kaunas, Lithuania)

  • Vidas Lekavicius

    (Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos 3, LT-44403 Kaunas, Lithuania)

Abstract

Various methods and tools have been developed to quantify energy supply security; however, there is no ideal framework to measure energy security, as the concept is multifaceted and context dependent. Energy supply security has always been an extremely important issue for European Union (EU) countries due to high import dependency, and recent events linked to the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine have made it exceptionally important to reconsider this problem to identify the crucial issues and address contemporary policy needs. This study endeavours to systematise the primary energy security indicators in terms of policy relevance and develop an energy security assessment framework to examine energy import dependency and diversification for the EU in view of recent problems. This study introduces an energy import diversification and security index which enables measurement of a country’s energy security level for comparison with other countries and identifies primary areas for improvement. The proposed framework is then applied to a case study of selected EU countries to examine regional differences and identify potential improvements.

Suggested Citation

  • Dalia Streimikiene & Indre Siksnelyte-Butkiene & Vidas Lekavicius, 2023. "Energy Diversification and Security in the EU: Comparative Assessment in Different EU Regions," Economies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-18, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jecomi:v:11:y:2023:i:3:p:83-:d:1089033
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Piotr Kosowski & Katarzyna Kosowska & Damian Janiga, 2023. "Primary Energy Consumption Patterns in Selected European Countries from 1990 to 2021: A Cluster Analysis Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-28, October.
    2. Quanxiao Li & Zhouying Song, 2025. "Research on Energy Security in the EU from a Trade Perspective: A Historical Analysis from 1991 to 2021," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-24, July.
    3. Lyu, Di & Zhao, Pengjun & Zhu, Weiwang & Li, Weifeng & Ling, Yingkai & Pang, Liang & Zhang, Shiyi & Xu, Yongjian, 2025. "Impact of Russia–Ukraine conflict on global crude oil shipping carbon emissions," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    4. Iwona Bąk & Katarzyna Wawrzyniak & Beata Szczecińska & Emilia Barej-Kaczmarek & Maciej Oesterreich, 2025. "Spatial Differentiation of EU Countries in Terms of Energy Security," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-22, August.
    5. Feng, Lianyue & Wu, Jun & Liu, Xiaomin & Wu, Gang & Pu, Yue, 2026. "The dynamic evolution mechanism of global fossil energy trade network: An empirical analysis with TERGM and STERGM," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 344(C).
    6. Anna Carozzani & Chiara D’Alpaos, 2025. "The Real Option Approach to Investment Decisions in Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems: A Systematic Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-35, October.
    7. László Török, 2025. "Economic Drivers of Renewable Energy Growth in the European Union: Evidence from a Panel Data Analysis (2015–2023)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-24, June.
    8. Piotr Kosowski, 2024. "From Fossil Fuels to Renewables: Clustering European Primary Energy Production from 1990 to 2022," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-23, November.
    9. Lekavičius, Vidas & Balsiūnaitė, Rimantė & Bobinaitė, Viktorija & Konstantinavičiūtė, Inga & Rimkūnaitė, Kristina & Štreimikienė, Dalia & Tarvydas, Dalius, 2024. "The diversification of energy resources and equipment imports in the European Union," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    10. Beata Bieszk-Stolorz & Krzysztof Dmytrów & Michał Bernard Pietrzak, 2025. "Quality of Consumed Energy as a Key Element in the Development of Processes of Energy Transformation in the European Union Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-20, January.
    11. Godswill Osuma & Nadia Yusuf, 2025. "Towards an Optimal Renewable Energy Mix for the European Union: Enhancing Energy Security and Sustainability," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 16(5), pages 17085-17121, November.
    12. Román-Collado, Rocío & Casado Ruíz, Virginia, 2024. "Key effects contributing to changes in energy imports in the EU-27 between 2000 and 2020: A decomposition analysis based on the Sankey diagram," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    13. Jarosław Brodny & Magdalena Tutak & Wieslaw Wes Grebski, 2025. "A Holistic Assessment of Sustainable Energy Security and the Efficiency of Policy Implementation in Emerging EU Economies: A Long-Term Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-38, April.
    14. Muhammad Shahbaz & Bekhzod Kuziboev & Sardor Allayarov & Kamil Pícha & A. Nazif Çatık, 2025. "Political stability in Europe: the effect of energy uncertainty," Economia Politica: Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics, Springer;Fondazione Edison, vol. 42(1), pages 1-23, April.

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