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A review of unsupervised statistical learning and visual analytics techniques applied to performance analysis of non-residential buildings

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  • Miller, Clayton
  • Nagy, Zoltán
  • Schlueter, Arno

Abstract

Measured and simulated data sources from the built environment are increasing rapidly. It is becoming normal to analyze data from hundreds, or even thousands of buildings at once. Mechanistic, manual analysis of such data sets is time-consuming and not realistic using conventional techniques. Thus, a significant body of literature has been generated using unsupervised statistical learning techniques designed to uncover structure and information quickly with fewer input parameters or metadata about the buildings collected. Further, visual analytics techniques are developed as aids in this process for a human analyst to utilize and interpret the results. This paper reviews publications that include the use of unsupervised machine learning techniques as applied to non-residential building performance control and analysis. The categories of techniques covered include clustering, novelty detection, motif and discord detection, rule extraction, and visual analytics. The publications apply these technologies in the domains of smart meters, portfolio analysis, operations and controls optimization, and anomaly detection. A discussion is included of key challenges resulting from this review, such as the need for better collaboration between several, disparate research communities and the lack of open, benchmarking data sets. Opportunities for improvement are presented including methods of reproducible research and suggestions for cross-disciplinary cooperation.

Suggested Citation

  • Miller, Clayton & Nagy, Zoltán & Schlueter, Arno, 2018. "A review of unsupervised statistical learning and visual analytics techniques applied to performance analysis of non-residential buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1365-1377.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:81:y:2018:i:p1:p:1365-1377
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.124
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    Cited by:

    1. Jonathan Roth & Jayashree Chadalawada & Rishee K. Jain & Clayton Miller, 2021. "Uncertainty Matters: Bayesian Probabilistic Forecasting for Residential Smart Meter Prediction, Segmentation, and Behavioral Measurement and Verification," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-22, March.
    2. Vangelis Marinakis, 2020. "Big Data for Energy Management and Energy-Efficient Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-18, March.
    3. Yunbo Yang & Rongling Li & Tao Huang, 2020. "Smart Meter Data Analysis of a Building Cluster for Heating Load Profile Quantification and Peak Load Shifting," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-20, August.
    4. Yu, Xinran & Ergan, Semiha & Dedemen, Gokmen, 2019. "A data-driven approach to extract operational signatures of HVAC systems and analyze impact on electricity consumption," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    5. Fan, Cheng & Xiao, Fu & Song, Mengjie & Wang, Jiayuan, 2019. "A graph mining-based methodology for discovering and visualizing high-level knowledge for building energy management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    6. Huijie Zhang & Ke Ren & Yiming Lin & Dezhan Qu & Zhenxin Li, 2019. "AirInsight: Visual Exploration and Interpretation of Latent Patterns and Anomalies in Air Quality Data," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-28, May.
    7. Reindl, K. & Palm, J., 2021. "Installing PV: Barriers and enablers experienced by non-residential property owners," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    8. Fan, Cheng & Sun, Yongjun & Shan, Kui & Xiao, Fu & Wang, Jiayuan, 2018. "Discovering gradual patterns in building operations for improving building energy efficiency," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C), pages 116-123.
    9. Piscitelli, Marco Savino & Giudice, Rocco & Capozzoli, Alfonso, 2024. "A holistic time series-based energy benchmarking framework for applications in large stocks of buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 357(C).
    10. Fan, Cheng & Xiao, Fu & Yan, Chengchu & Liu, Chengliang & Li, Zhengdao & Wang, Jiayuan, 2019. "A novel methodology to explain and evaluate data-driven building energy performance models based on interpretable machine learning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 1551-1560.
    11. Li, Wenzhuo & Koo, Choongwan & Hong, Taehoon & Oh, Jeongyoon & Cha, Seung Hyun & Wang, Shengwei, 2020. "A novel operation approach for the energy efficiency improvement of the HVAC system in office spaces through real-time big data analytics," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    12. Capozzoli, Alfonso & Piscitelli, Marco Savino & Brandi, Silvio & Grassi, Daniele & Chicco, Gianfranco, 2018. "Automated load pattern learning and anomaly detection for enhancing energy management in smart buildings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 336-352.
    13. Park, June Young & Yang, Xiya & Miller, Clayton & Arjunan, Pandarasamy & Nagy, Zoltan, 2019. "Apples or oranges? Identification of fundamental load shape profiles for benchmarking buildings using a large and diverse dataset," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C), pages 1280-1295.
    14. Xiao, Tong & Xu, Peng & He, Ruikai & Sha, Huajing, 2022. "Status quo and opportunities for building energy prediction in limited data Context—Overview from a competition," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    15. Roth, Jonathan & Martin, Amory & Miller, Clayton & Jain, Rishee K., 2020. "SynCity: Using open data to create a synthetic city of hourly building energy estimates by integrating data-driven and physics-based methods," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    16. Zhan, Sicheng & Liu, Zhaoru & Chong, Adrian & Yan, Da, 2020. "Building categorization revisited: A clustering-based approach to using smart meter data for building energy benchmarking," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    17. Westermann, Paul & Deb, Chirag & Schlueter, Arno & Evins, Ralph, 2020. "Unsupervised learning of energy signatures to identify the heating system and building type using smart meter data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).

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