Direct ammonia fuel cells: A review

In response to the rising greenhouse gas emissions, countries worldwide are actively working towards achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, which is driving extensive research into green energy. Among the various options, ammonia shows significant potential due to its safety in storage and transportation, as well as its high energy density. This article reviews the role of electrocatalysts in direct ammonia fuel cells, focusing on enhancing efficiency by reducing energy losses, improving the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte membrane, and increasing stability. The aim is to provide a roadmap for future researchers in this field. To conduct this study, a bibliometric analysis was performed to examine direct ammonia fuel cells. This involved retrieving 1792 articles through artificial intelligence-driven methods, of which 84 were directly relevant. NVivo tools—such as word clouds and matrices—were utilized to identify key terms like "ammonia fuel cell," "membrane type," and "noble metal electrocatalyst." The findings indicate that bimetallic catalysts are the most effective for electrocatalysts, while anion exchange membranes are identified as the optimal membrane type. This review highlights current research on direct ammonia fuel cells. , with an emphasis on electrocatalysts and electrolyte membranes, guiding future studies toward the development of efficient and sustainable low-temperature fuel cells.