IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v212y2025ics136403212500067x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Combining dust scaling behaviors of PV panels and water cleaning methods

Author

Listed:
  • Qi, Jiacheng
  • Dong, Qichang
  • Song, Ye
  • Zhao, Xiaoqing
  • Shi, Long

Abstract

Dust scaling on photovoltaic (PV) panels can significantly decrease power generation efficiency and potentially trigger fire hazards through hot spots. Therefore, understanding the formation process of scale and reasonable cleaning methods is crucial for its practical application and maintenance. This study systematically reviewed the dust scaling process and various water-based cleaning methods to optimize maintenance strategies for enhanced efficiency and safety in PV systems. Soluble and hygroscopic mineral particles absorb dew, forming extensive scale through capillary action. Biological and industrial dusts promote the formation of hard scales. Typical scale formations include approximate laminar, localized accumulation, island-like, and gully laminar scales. Based on weekly PV efficiency declines attributed to dust accumulation, Asia is the most severe (7.84 %), followed by Africa (3.03 %), Oceania (2.40 %), South America (1.90 %), North America (1.32 %) and Europe (1.21 %). In different climatic conditions, the western part of Asia, the Gulf region, and northern Africa exhibit the most significant potential for scale accumulation. Pressurized water cleaning improves power generation efficiency by an average of 10.4 %, and the average water usage is 2.1 L/m2, with a water recovery rate of 55–80 %. Optimal cleaning frequencies were determined to be seven days for 37 % of cases and 7–30 days for 44 %. It is recommended that areas most affected by dust be cleaned weekly and at least monthly for other areas susceptible to dust. This study provides practical guidance for PV maintenance, supporting the global expansion of clean energy through improved efficiency and safety.

Suggested Citation

  • Qi, Jiacheng & Dong, Qichang & Song, Ye & Zhao, Xiaoqing & Shi, Long, 2025. "Combining dust scaling behaviors of PV panels and water cleaning methods," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 212(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:212:y:2025:i:c:s136403212500067x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.115394
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403212500067X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115394?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wolf Grossmann & Karl Steininger & Christoph Schmid & Iris Grossmann, 2012. "Investment and employment from large-scale photovoltaics up to 2050," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 39(2), pages 165-189, May.
    2. Zhao, Weiping & Lv, Yukun & Zhou, Qingwen & Yan, Weiping, 2021. "Collision-adhesion mechanism of particles and dust deposition simulation on solar PV modules," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 169-182.
    3. Ricardo Conceição & Hugo G. Silva & José Mirão & Manuel Collares-Pereira, 2018. "Organic Soiling: The Role of Pollen in PV Module Performance Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-13, January.
    4. Yarhands Dissou Arthur. & Kwasi Baah Gyamfi & S.K Appiah, 2013. "Probability Distributional Analysis of Hourly Solar Irradiation in Kumasi-Ghana," International Journal of Business and Social Research, LAR Center Press, vol. 3(3), pages 63-75, March.
    5. Chanchangi, Yusuf N. & Ghosh, Aritra & Sundaram, Senthilarasu & Mallick, Tapas K., 2020. "Dust and PV Performance in Nigeria: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    6. Sahouane, Nordine & Ziane, Abderrezzaq & Dabou, Rachid & Neçaibia, Ammar & Rouabhia, Abdelkrim & Lachtar, Salah & Blal, Mohammed & Slimani, Abdeldjalil & Boudjamaa, Tidjar, 2023. "Technical and economic study of the sand and dust accumulation impact on the energy performance of photovoltaic system in Algerian Sahara," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 142-155.
    7. Hammad, Bashar & Al–Abed, Mohammad & Al–Ghandoor, Ahmed & Al–Sardeah, Ali & Al–Bashir, Adnan, 2018. "Modeling and analysis of dust and temperature effects on photovoltaic systems’ performance and optimal cleaning frequency: Jordan case study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2218-2234.
    8. Li, B. & Delpha, C. & Diallo, D. & Migan-Dubois, A., 2021. "Application of Artificial Neural Networks to photovoltaic fault detection and diagnosis: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    9. Picotti, G. & Borghesani, P. & Cholette, M.E. & Manzolini, G., 2018. "Soiling of solar collectors – Modelling approaches for airborne dust and its interactions with surfaces," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2343-2357.
    10. Alshawaf, Mohammad & Poudineh, Rahmatallah & Alhajeri, Nawaf S., 2020. "Solar PV in Kuwait: The effect of ambient temperature and sandstorms on output variability and uncertainty," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    11. Beattie, Neil S. & Moir, Robert S. & Chacko, Charlslee & Buffoni, Giorgio & Roberts, Simon H. & Pearsall, Nicola M., 2012. "Understanding the effects of sand and dust accumulation on photovoltaic modules," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 448-452.
    12. Dida, Mustapha & Boughali, Slimane & Bechki, Djamel & Bouguettaia, Hamza, 2020. "Output power loss of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules due to dust accumulation in Saharan environment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    13. Ramli, Makbul A.M. & Prasetyono, Eka & Wicaksana, Ragil W. & Windarko, Novie A. & Sedraoui, Khaled & Al-Turki, Yusuf A., 2016. "On the investigation of photovoltaic output power reduction due to dust accumulation and weather conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 836-844.
    14. Ramez Abdallah & Adel Juaidi & Salameh Abdel-Fattah & Mahmoud Qadi & Montaser Shadid & Aiman Albatayneh & Hüseyin Çamur & Amos García-Cruz & Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, 2022. "The Effects of Soiling and Frequency of Optimal Cleaning of PV Panels in Palestine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-18, June.
    15. Khaled M. Alawasa & Rashid S. AlAbri & Amer S. Al-Hinai & Mohammed H. Albadi & Abdullah H. Al-Badi, 2021. "Experimental Study on the Effect of Dust Deposition on a Car Park Photovoltaic System with Different Cleaning Cycles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-16, July.
    16. Ilse, Klemens K. & Figgis, Benjamin W. & Naumann, Volker & Hagendorf, Christian & Bagdahn, Jörg, 2018. "Fundamentals of soiling processes on photovoltaic modules," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 239-254.
    17. Ullah, Asad & Imran, Hassan & Maqsood, Zaki & Butt, Nauman Zafar, 2019. "Investigation of optimal tilt angles and effects of soiling on PV energy production in Pakistan," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 830-843.
    18. Xiaoyuan Li & Denise L. Mauzerall & Mike H. Bergin, 2020. "Global reduction of solar power generation efficiency due to aerosols and panel soiling," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 3(9), pages 720-727, September.
    19. Adak, Deepanjana & Bhattacharyya, Raghunath & Barshilia, Harish C., 2022. "A state-of-the-art review on the multifunctional self-cleaning nanostructured coatings for PV panels, CSP mirrors and related solar devices," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    20. Yao, Wanxiang & Kong, Xiangru & Xu, Ai & Xu, Puyan & Wang, Yan & Gao, Weijun, 2023. "New models for the influence of rainwater on the performance of photovoltaic modules under different rainfall conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    21. Hachicha, Ahmed Amine & Al-Sawafta, Israa & Said, Zafar, 2019. "Impact of dust on the performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems under United Arab Emirates weather conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 287-297.
    22. Huang, Pengluan & Hu, Guoqiang & Zhao, Xiaodong & Lu, Luyi & Ding, Honggang & Li, Jianlan, 2022. "Effect of organics on the adhesion of dust to PV panel surfaces under condensation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PB).
    23. Dhaouadi, Rached & Al-Othman, Amani & Aidan, Ahmed A. & Tawalbeh, Muhammad & Zannerni, Rawan, 2021. "A characterization study for the properties of dust particles collected on photovoltaic (PV) panels in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 133-140.
    24. Saidan, Motasem & Albaali, Abdul Ghani & Alasis, Emil & Kaldellis, John K., 2016. "Experimental study on the effect of dust deposition on solar photovoltaic panels in desert environment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 499-505.
    25. Mohammed Al-Housani & Yusuf Bicer & Muammer Koç, 2019. "Assessment of Various Dry Photovoltaic Cleaning Techniques and Frequencies on the Power Output of CdTe-Type Modules in Dusty Environments," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-18, May.
    26. Varga, György & Gresina, Fruzsina & Szeberényi, József & Gelencsér, András & Rostási, Ágnes, 2024. "Effect of Saharan dust episodes on the accuracy of photovoltaic energy production forecast in Hungary (Central Europe)," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    27. Sarver, Travis & Al-Qaraghuli, Ali & Kazmerski, Lawrence L., 2013. "A comprehensive review of the impact of dust on the use of solar energy: History, investigations, results, literature, and mitigation approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 698-733.
    28. Gizelle C. Oehler & Fabiana Lisco & Farwah Bukhari & Soňa Uličná & Ben Strauss & Kurt L. Barth & John M. Walls, 2020. "Testing the Durability of Anti-Soiling Coatings for Solar Cover Glass by Outdoor Exposure in Denmark," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-17, January.
    29. Abdulsalam S. Alghamdi & AbuBakr S. Bahaj & Luke S. Blunden & Yue Wu, 2019. "Dust Removal from Solar PV Modules by Automated Cleaning Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-21, July.
    30. AL-Rasheedi, Majed & Gueymard, Christian A. & Al-Khayat, Mohammad & Ismail, Alaa & Lee, Jared A. & Al-Duaj, Hamad, 2020. "Performance evaluation of a utility-scale dual-technology photovoltaic power plant at the Shagaya Renewable Energy Park in Kuwait," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    31. Yazdani, Hamed & Yaghoubi, Mahmood, 2021. "Techno-economic study of photovoltaic systems performance in Shiraz, Iran," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 251-262.
    32. Kaldellis, J.K. & Kokala, A., 2010. "Quantifying the decrease of the photovoltaic panels’ energy yield due to phenomena of natural air pollution disposal," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 4862-4869.
    33. Isaacs, Stewart & Kalashnikova, Olga & Garay, Michael J. & van Donkelaar, Aaron & Hammer, Melanie S. & Lee, Huikyo & Wood, Danielle, 2023. "Dust soiling effects on decentralized solar in West Africa," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 340(C).
    34. Adinoyi, Muhammed J. & Said, Syed A.M., 2013. "Effect of dust accumulation on the power outputs of solar photovoltaic modules," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 633-636.
    35. Darwish, Zeki Ahmed & Kazem, Hussein A. & Sopian, K. & Al-Goul, M.A. & Alawadhi, Hussain, 2015. "Effect of dust pollutant type on photovoltaic performance," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 735-744.
    36. Umar, Shayan & Waqas, Adeel & Tanveer, Waqas & Shahzad, Nadia & Janjua, Abdul Kashif & Dehghan, Maziar & Qureshi, Muhammad Salik & Shakir, Sehar, 2023. "A building integrated solar PV surface-cleaning setup to optimize the electricity output of PV modules in a polluted atmosphere," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    37. Chen, Jinxin & Pan, Guobing & Ouyang, Jing & Ma, Jin & Fu, Lei & Zhang, Libin, 2020. "Study on impacts of dust accumulation and rainfall on PV power reduction in East China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    38. Ghazi, Sanaz & Ip, Kenneth, 2014. "The effect of weather conditions on the efficiency of PV panels in the southeast of UK," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 50-59.
    39. Şevik, Seyfi & Aktaş, Ahmet, 2022. "Performance enhancing and improvement studies in a 600 kW solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant; manual and natural cleaning, rainwater harvesting and the snow load removal on the PV arrays," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 490-503.
    40. Figgis, Benjamin & Ennaoui, Ahmed & Ahzi, Said & Rémond, Yves, 2017. "Review of PV soiling particle mechanics in desert environments," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 872-881.
    41. Cheema, Armaghan & Shaaban, M.F. & Ismail, Mahmoud H., 2021. "A novel stochastic dynamic modeling for photovoltaic systems considering dust and cleaning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    42. Kalogirou, Soteris A. & Agathokleous, Rafaela & Panayiotou, Gregoris, 2013. "On-site PV characterization and the effect of soiling on their performance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 439-446.
    43. G R Venkatakrishnan & R Rengaraj & S Tamilselvi & J Harshini & Ansheela Sahoo & C Ahamed Saleel & Mohamed Abbas & Erdem Cuce & C Jazlyn & Saboor Shaik & Pinar Mert Cuce & Saffa Riffat, 2023. "Detection, location, and diagnosis of different faults in large solar PV system—a review," International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, Oxford University Press, vol. 18, pages 659-674.
    44. Ali Hasan Shah & Ahmed Hassan & Mohammad Shakeel Laghari & Abdulrahman Alraeesi, 2020. "The Influence of Cleaning Frequency of Photovoltaic Modules on Power Losses in the Desert Climate," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-15, November.
    45. Costa, Suellen C.S. & Diniz, Antonia Sonia A.C. & Kazmerski, Lawrence L., 2018. "Solar energy dust and soiling R&D progress: Literature review update for 2016," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2504-2536.
    46. Deb, Dipankar & Brahmbhatt, Nisarg L., 2018. "Review of yield increase of solar panels through soiling prevention, and a proposed water-free automated cleaning solution," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3306-3313.
    47. Loiy Al-Ghussain & Moath Abu Subaih & Andres Annuk, 2022. "Evaluation of the Accuracy of Different PV Estimation Models and the Effect of Dust Cleaning: Case Study a 103 MW PV Plant in Jordan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-15, January.
    48. Yarhands Dissou Arthur. & Kwasi Baah Gyamfi & S.K Appiah, 2013. "Probability Distributional Analysis of Hourly Solar Irradiation in Kumasi-Ghana," International Journal of Business and Social Research, MIR Center for Socio-Economic Research, vol. 3(3), pages 63-75, March.
    49. Maghami, Mohammad Reza & Hizam, Hashim & Gomes, Chandima & Radzi, Mohd Amran & Rezadad, Mohammad Ismael & Hajighorbani, Shahrooz, 2016. "Power loss due to soiling on solar panel: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 1307-1316.
    50. repec:plo:pone00:0242413 is not listed on IDEAS
    51. Al Hanai, Tuka & Hashim, Rehab Bani & El Chaar, Lana & Lamont, Lisa Ann, 2011. "Environmental effects on a grid connected 900 W photovoltaic thin-film amorphous silicon system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 2615-2622.
    52. Ramadan J. Mustafa & Mohamed R. Gomaa & Mujahed Al-Dhaifallah & Hegazy Rezk, 2020. "Environmental Impacts on the Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-17, January.
    53. Mekhilef, S. & Saidur, R. & Kamalisarvestani, M., 2012. "Effect of dust, humidity and air velocity on efficiency of photovoltaic cells," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 2920-2925.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Conceição, Ricardo & González-Aguilar, José & Merrouni, Ahmed Alami & Romero, Manuel, 2022. "Soiling effect in solar energy conversion systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    2. Aritra Ghosh, 2020. "Soiling Losses: A Barrier for India’s Energy Security Dependency from Photovoltaic Power," Challenges, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-22, May.
    3. Song, Zhe & Liu, Jia & Yang, Hongxing, 2021. "Air pollution and soiling implications for solar photovoltaic power generation: A comprehensive review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
    4. Rehman, Tauseef-ur & Qaisrani, Mumtaz A. & Shafiq, M. Basit & Baba, Yousra Filali & Aslfattahi, Navid & Shahsavar, Amin & Cheema, Taqi Ahmad & Park, Cheol Woo, 2025. "Global perspectives on advancing photovoltaic system performance—A state-of-the-art review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    5. Chanchangi, Yusuf N. & Ghosh, Aritra & Sundaram, Senthilarasu & Mallick, Tapas K., 2020. "Dust and PV Performance in Nigeria: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    6. Parsay, Alireza & Gandomzadeh, Mahdi & Yaghoubi, Ali Akbar & Hoorsun, Arman & Gholami, Aslan & Zandi, Majid & Gavagsaz-ghoachani, Roghayeh & Kazem, Hussein A., 2025. "Enhancing photovoltaic efficiency: An in-depth systematic review and critical analysis of dust monitoring, mitigation, and cleaning techniques," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 388(C).
    7. Karim Menoufi, 2017. "Dust Accumulation on the Surface of Photovoltaic Panels: Introducing the Photovoltaic Soiling Index (PVSI)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-12, June.
    8. He, Beihua & Lu, Hao & Zheng, Chuanxiao & Wang, Yanlin, 2023. "Characteristics and cleaning methods of dust deposition on solar photovoltaic modules-A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PE).
    9. Yao, Wanxiang & Kong, Xiangru & Xu, Ai & Xu, Puyan & Wang, Yan & Gao, Weijun, 2023. "New models for the influence of rainwater on the performance of photovoltaic modules under different rainfall conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    10. Hammad, Bashar & Al–Abed, Mohammad & Al–Ghandoor, Ahmed & Al–Sardeah, Ali & Al–Bashir, Adnan, 2018. "Modeling and analysis of dust and temperature effects on photovoltaic systems’ performance and optimal cleaning frequency: Jordan case study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2218-2234.
    11. Ramli, Makbul A.M. & Prasetyono, Eka & Wicaksana, Ragil W. & Windarko, Novie A. & Sedraoui, Khaled & Al-Turki, Yusuf A., 2016. "On the investigation of photovoltaic output power reduction due to dust accumulation and weather conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 836-844.
    12. Hooshyar, Pooya & Moghadasi, Hesam & Moosavi, Seyed Ali & Moosavi, Ali & Borujerdi, Ali Nouri, 2025. "Recent progress of soiling impact on solar panels and its mitigation strategies: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 379(C).
    13. Adak, Deepanjana & Bhattacharyya, Raghunath & Barshilia, Harish C., 2022. "A state-of-the-art review on the multifunctional self-cleaning nanostructured coatings for PV panels, CSP mirrors and related solar devices," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    14. Gowtham Vedulla & Anbazhagan Geetha & Ramalingam Senthil, 2022. "Review of Strategies to Mitigate Dust Deposition on Solar Photovoltaic Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-28, December.
    15. Chanchangi, Yusuf N. & Ghosh, Aritra & Micheli, Leonardo & Fernández, Eduardo F. & Sundaram, Senthilarasu & Mallick, Tapas K., 2022. "Soiling mapping through optical losses for Nigeria," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 995-1008.
    16. Li, Fuxiang & Yuan, Ziming & Wu, Wei, 2024. "Experimental investigation of soiling losses on photovoltaic in high-density urban environments," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 369(C).
    17. Mina Nezamisavojbolaghi & Erfan Davodian & Amal Bouich & Mouhaydine Tlemçani & Oumaima Mesbahi & Fernando M. Janeiro, 2023. "The Impact of Dust Deposition on PV Panels’ Efficiency and Mitigation Solutions: Review Article," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-19, December.
    18. Cherupurakal, Nizamudeen & Mozumder, Mohammad Sayem & Mourad, Abdel- Hamid I. & Lalwani, Shubra, 2021. "Recent advances in superhydrophobic polymers for antireflective self-cleaning solar panels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    19. Chanchangi, Yusuf N. & Ghosh, Aritra & Baig, Hasan & Sundaram, Senthilarasu & Mallick, Tapas K., 2021. "Soiling on PV performance influenced by weather parameters in Northern Nigeria," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 874-892.
    20. Dida, Mustapha & Boughali, Slimane & Bechki, Djamel & Bouguettaia, Hamza, 2020. "Output power loss of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules due to dust accumulation in Saharan environment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:212:y:2025:i:c:s136403212500067x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.