IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/renene/v253y2025ics0960148125013291.html

Energy loss characteristics of pump-turbine from startup to no-load before synchronization based on PID control

Author

Listed:
  • Guo, Junxun
  • Zhou, Daqing
  • Zhang, Yuquan
  • Wang, Haobo

Abstract

The no-load stability of pumped storage units under low-head conditions is a critical factor affecting the success rate of grid connection. Based on user-defined simulation technology and a PID governor model, precise transient simulation of the startup process throughout the entire flow passage of the power station is achieved. The research focused on the evolution of external characteristics under governor regulation and introduced entropy production theory to reveal the temporal and spatial evolution of energy losses during this process. The results indicate that PID control effectively suppresses speed fluctuations, enabling the operating trajectory to converge to a stable no-load point within the S-characteristic region. Backflow at the runner inlet causes large periodic fluctuations in guide vane torque, increasing the control difficulty for the governor. Turbulent entropy production accounts for over 98 % during the transient process, with the runner region contributing the most (approximately 60 %). Optimization of the lower band profile and draft tube turbulence can reduce the surge in energy losses caused by separation vortices and is also an effective means of improving no-load stability. This study aims to provide new insights into the optimized operation of pump-turbines under low-head conditions through entropy generation analysis.

Suggested Citation

  • Guo, Junxun & Zhou, Daqing & Zhang, Yuquan & Wang, Haobo, 2025. "Energy loss characteristics of pump-turbine from startup to no-load before synchronization based on PID control," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:253:y:2025:i:c:s0960148125013291
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123667
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148125013291
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.renene.2025.123667?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hu, Zanao & Cheng, Yongguang & Chen, Hongyu & Liu, Demin & Ji, Bin & Wang, Zhiyuan & Zhang, Pengcheng & Xue, Song, 2024. "Predicting pump-turbine characteristic curves by theoretical models based on runner geometry parameters," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    2. Xilong Yin & Xingxing Huang & Shaozheng Zhang & Huili Bi & Zhengwei Wang, 2023. "Numerical Investigation of Flow and Structural Characteristics of a Large High-Head Prototype Pump–Turbine during Turbine Start-Up," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-19, April.
    3. Chen, Huixiang & Zhou, Daqing & Kan, Kan & Guo, Junxun & Zheng, Yuan & Binama, Maxime & Xu, Zhe & Feng, Jiangang, 2021. "Transient characteristics during the co-closing guide vanes and runner blades of a bulb turbine in load rejection process," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(P2), pages 28-41.
    4. Jun-Won Suh & Seung-Jun Kim & Hyeon-Mo Yang & Moo-Sung Kim & Won-Gu Joo & Jungwan Park & Jin-Hyuk Kim & Young-Seok Choi, 2021. "A Comparative Study of the Scale Effect on the S-Shaped Characteristics of a Pump-Turbine Unit," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-29, January.
    5. Sun, Longgang & Xu, Hongyang & Li, Chenxi & Guo, Pengcheng & Xu, Zhuofei, 2024. "Unsteady assessment and alleviation of inter-blade vortex in Francis turbine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 358(C).
    6. Zhiyan Yang & Yongguang Cheng & Ke Liu & Xiaoxia Hou & Xiaoxi Zhang & Xi Wang & Jinghuan Ding, 2021. "Three-Dimensional CFD Simulations of Start-Up Processes of a Pump-Turbine Considering Governor Regulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-19, December.
    7. Huang, Yifan & Yang, Weijia & Zhao, Zhigao & Han, Wenfu & Li, Yulan & Yang, Jiandong, 2023. "Dynamic modeling and favorable speed command of variable-speed pumped-storage unit during power regulation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 769-783.
    8. Xu, Lianchen & Kan, Kan & Zheng, Yuan & Liu, Demin & Binama, Maxime & Xu, Zhe & Yan, Xiaotong & Guo, Mengqi & Chen, Huixiang, 2024. "Rotating stall mechanism of pump-turbine in hump region: An insight into vortex evolution," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    9. Guo, Wencheng & Yang, Jiandong, 2018. "Dynamic performance analysis of hydro-turbine governing system considering combined effect of downstream surge tank and sloping ceiling tailrace tunnel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 129(PA), pages 638-651.
    10. Zanbin Wang & Chaoshun Li & Xinjie Lai & Nan Zhang & Yanhe Xu & Jinjiao Hou, 2018. "An Integrated Start-Up Method for Pumped Storage Units Based on a Novel Artificial Sheep Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-29, January.
    11. Chen, Jinbao & Zheng, Yang & Liu, Dong & Du, Yang & Xiao, Zhihuai, 2023. "Quantitative stability analysis of complex nonlinear hydraulic turbine regulation system based on accurate calculation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 351(C).
    12. Xiuli Mao & Jiaren Hu & Zhongyong Pan & Pengju Zhong & Ning Zhang, 2025. "A Brief Review of Recent Research on Reversible Francis Pump Turbines in Pumped Storage Plants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-19, January.
    13. Zhou, Ling & Hang, Jianwei & Bai, Ling & Krzemianowski, Zbigniew & El-Emam, Mahmoud A. & Yasser, Eman & Agarwal, Ramesh, 2022. "Application of entropy production theory for energy losses and other investigation in pumps and turbines: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 318(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Guo, Junxun & Zhou, Daqing & Wang, Haobo, 2025. "Hydraulic characteristics of pumped storage units from startup to no-load before synchronization based on PID control," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 330(C).
    2. Zhang, Pengcheng & Cheng, Yongguang & Hu, Zanao & Xue, Song & Li, Wenxin & Zhao, Zhigao & Yang, Weijia & Hu, Zhaohua, 2025. "CFD-based hydraulic-mechanical-electrical coupled simulation method for variable-speed pumped storage units," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 329(C).
    3. Liu, Yi & Yu, Xiaodong & Zhang, Jian & Chen, Sheng & Zhang, Yuanjie, 2025. "Optimized operation framework of pumped storage power stations with fixed- and variable-speed units sharing a diversion tunnel: Efficiency optimization and transient characteristics analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    4. Xu, Lianchen & Zhang, Yuquan & Xu, Junhui & Wang, Yirong & Feng, Chen & Yang, Yuxuan & Liu, Demin & Liu, Xiaobing & Zheng, Yuan, 2025. "Towards the integration of new-type power systems: Hydraulic stability analysis of pumped storage units in the S-characteristic region based on experimental and CFD studies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 329(C).
    5. Wencheng Guo, 2018. "Nonlinear Disturbance Decoupling Control for Hydro-Turbine Governing System with Sloping Ceiling Tailrace Tunnel Based on Differential Geometry Theory," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-21, November.
    6. Kan, Kan & Liu, Kunting & Xu, Zhe & Li, Zhixiang & Rossi, Mosè & Chen, Huixiang, 2025. "Fluid deformation induced energy loss of pump-turbines based on the transport of mean kinetic energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    7. Fu, Xiaolong & Chen, Yong & Li, Deyou & Wang, Hongjie & Li, Zhenggui & Wei, Xianzhu, 2026. "Energy loss mechanism of pump-turbines in the hump region using novel wall entropy production calculation model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    8. Hu, Jinhong & Yang, Jiebin & He, Xianghui & Zhao, Zhigao & Yang, Jiandong, 2023. "Transient analysis of a hydropower plant with a super-long headrace tunnel during load acceptance: Instability mechanism and measurement verification," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PA).
    9. Ren, Zhipeng & Li, Deyou & Zhou, Weixing & Liu, Jintao & Li, Yong, 2025. "Energy distribution and thermodynamic assessment of cavitating coolant flow in a micropump," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 340(C).
    10. Gad, Mona & Gao, Bo & Ni, Dan & Zhang, Ning, 2025. "Numerical investigation of the wake structure and flow energy loss in the pump as a turbine with splitter blades," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C).
    11. Liu, Yunqi & Wang, Tao & Lei, Lei & Huang, Tengfei & Guo, Qing, 2025. "Vortex characteristics and energy loss analysis of a centrifugal pump as turbine based on velocity triangles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    12. Wang, Jiaqiong & Hu, Chen & Du, Danyang & Agarwal, Ramesh & Zhou, Ling, 2025. "Multi-objective optimization of multiphase pump by using computational fluid dynamics and nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    13. Liu, Baonan & Zhou, Jianzhong & Xu, Yanhe & Lai, Xinjie & Shi, Yousong & Li, Mengyao, 2022. "An optimization decision-making framework for the optimal operation strategy of pumped storage hydropower system under extreme conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 254-273.
    14. Li, Chaoshun & Tang, Geng & Xue, Xiaoming & Chen, Xinbiao & Wang, Ruoheng & Zhang, Chu, 2020. "The short-term interval prediction of wind power using the deep learning model with gradient descend optimization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 197-211.
    15. Okulov, V.L. & Naumov, I.V. & Kabardin, I.K. & Litvinov, I.V. & Markovich, D.M. & Mikkelsen, R.F. & Sørensen, J.N. & Alekseenko, S.V. & Wood, D.H., 2021. "Experiments on line arrays of horizontal-axis hydroturbines," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 15-21.
    16. Pan, Qiang & Wu, Yuehu & Zhang, Desheng & Shi, Weidong & van Esch, B.P.M., 2024. "Coordination of energy loss and fish friendliness for a low-head tubular-pump blade based on a multi-objective optimization model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(PB).
    17. Zhou, Jianxu & Mao, Yutong & Shen, Aili & Zhang, Jian, 2023. "Modeling and stability investigation on the governor-turbine-hydraulic system with a ceiling-sloping tail tunnel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 812-822.
    18. Hongjie Wang & Jianpeng Wang & Ruzhi Gong & Chaoying Shang & Deyou Li & Xianzhu Wei, 2021. "Investigations on Pressure Fluctuations in the S-Shaped Region of a Pump–Turbine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-19, October.
    19. Chen, Xiaoping & Zhang, Zhiguo & Huang, Jianmin & Zhou, Xiaojie & Zhu, Zuchao, 2024. "Numerical investigation on energy change field in a centrifugal pump as turbine under different flow rates," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    20. Huixiang Chen & Kan Kan & Haolan Wang & Maxime Binama & Yuan Zheng & Hui Xu, 2021. "Development and Numerical Performance Analysis of a Micro Turbine in a Tap-Water Pipeline," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-18, September.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:253:y:2025:i:c:s0960148125013291. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/renewable-energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.