IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/renene/v253y2025ics0960148125012443.html

Flexibility-enhancing planning for PV penetrated distribution systems

Author

Listed:
  • Guo, Yongtao
  • Xiang, Yue
  • Yuan, Xufeng
  • Zhang, Chao
  • Wang, Yang
  • Tan, Zhukui

Abstract

The large-scale integration of renewable energy resources necessitates coordinated flexibility planning in distribution systems to enhance operation performance. However, facing the situations that not all distribution system nodes are available for renewable energy integration and the complementarity of flexible resources is unclear, it is critical to evaluate the effects of diverse combinations with different flexible resource planning schemes. Herein, a flexibility-enhancing planning and evaluation method tailored to differentiated regional available photovoltaic (PV) integration nodes is proposed. The power characteristic models of flexible resources including voltage source converter (VSC) based hybrid AC/DC flexible interconnection, demand response, distribution network reconfiguration, etc. are established and embedded into an optimization framework, where the distribution system operation and flexible resource investment costs are minimized. Furthermore, evaluation indicators representing economy, capacity, carbon emission, and operation status are derived from optimization results to quantify the improvements of various flexible resource combinations. Case studies are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Different scenarios with available nodes for PV integration are designed to compare the enhancements of different flexible resource combinations. The results show that the total economic cost can be reduced 23 % and 8 % when combining VSC-based AC/DC flexible interconnection and demand response schemes in none and all available node scenarios, but there is still power reverse in partial available node scenario when PV penetration ratio is over 50 %. The distribution network reconfiguration scheme can further reduce costs, carbon emissions and load ratios, while the power reverse is almost eliminated.

Suggested Citation

  • Guo, Yongtao & Xiang, Yue & Yuan, Xufeng & Zhang, Chao & Wang, Yang & Tan, Zhukui, 2025. "Flexibility-enhancing planning for PV penetrated distribution systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:253:y:2025:i:c:s0960148125012443
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123582
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148125012443
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.renene.2025.123582?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhou, Siyu & Han, Yang & Yang, Ping & Mahmoud, Karar & Lehtonen, Matti & Darwish, Mohamed M.F. & Zalhaf, Amr S., 2022. "An optimal network constraint-based joint expansion planning model for modern distribution networks with multi-types intermittent RERs," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 137-151.
    2. Tian, Zhe & Li, Xiaoyuan & Niu, Jide & Zhou, Ruoyu & Li, Feng, 2024. "Enhancing operation flexibility of distributed energy systems: A flexible multi-objective optimization planning method considering long-term and temporary objectives," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    3. Wang, Chunling & Liu, Chunming & Zhou, Xiulin & Zhang, Gaoyuan, 2024. "Flexibility-based expansion planning of active distribution networks considering optimal operation of multi-community integrated energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    4. Wagner, Lukas Peter & Reinpold, Lasse Matthias & Kilthau, Maximilian & Fay, Alexander, 2023. "A systematic review of modeling approaches for flexible energy resources," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    5. Akbari, Ehsan & Mousavi Shabestari, Seyed Farzin & Pirouzi, Sasan & Jadidoleslam, Morteza, 2023. "Network flexibility regulation by renewable energy hubs using flexibility pricing-based energy management," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 295-308.
    6. Xiao, Jun & Li, Chengjin & He, Guowei & Lv, Zihan & Sun, Gang & Zhou, Yupeng & Liang, Haishen, 2025. "Flexible resource security regulating capability for distribution systems: Concept, method, and applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 382(C).
    7. Dorahaki, Sobhan & MollahassaniPour, Mojgan & Rashidinejad, Masoud & Siano, Pierluigi & Shafie-khah, Miadreza, 2025. "A flexibility-oriented model for a sustainable local multi-carrier energy community: A hybrid multi-objective probabilistic-IGDT optimization approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PC).
    8. Xiang, Yue & Guo, Yongtao & Wu, Gang & Liu, Junyong & Sun, Wei & Lei, Yutian & Zeng, Pingliang, 2022. "Low-carbon economic planning of integrated electricity-gas energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    9. Yang, Sheng & Liu, Beilin & Li, Xiaolong & Liu, Zhiqiang & Liu, Yue & Xie, Nan & Ren, Jingzheng, 2023. "Flexibility index for a distributed energy system design optimization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(P1).
    10. Ren, Fukang & Lin, Xiaozhen & Wei, Ziqing & Zhai, Xiaoqiang & Yang, Jianrong, 2022. "A novel planning method for design and dispatch of hybrid energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    11. Bai, Xueyan & Fan, Yanfang & Hou, Junjie & Liu, Junyi, 2023. "Evaluation method of renewable energy flexibility confidence capacity under different penetration rates," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
    12. Artis, Reza & Shivaie, Mojtaba & Weinsier, Philip D., 2024. "A flexible urban load density-dependent framework for low-carbon distribution expansion planning in the presence of hybrid hydrogen/battery/wind/solar energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 364(C).
    13. Gkontoras, Dimitrios & Efkarpidis, Nikolaos A. & Morren, Johan & Slootweg, Han & Edin, Hans, 2025. "Bi-level framework for planning assessment of distribution grids based on smart grid technologies and conventional grid upgrades," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 383(C).
    14. Schmeling, Lucas & Schönfeldt, Patrik & Klement, Peter & Vorspel, Lena & Hanke, Benedikt & von Maydell, Karsten & Agert, Carsten, 2022. "A generalised optimal design methodology for distributed energy systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 1223-1239.
    15. Sun, Qirun & Wu, Zhi & Gu, Wei & Zhu, Tao & Zhong, Lei & Gao, Ting, 2021. "Flexible expansion planning of distribution system integrating multiple renewable energy sources: An approximate dynamic programming approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Artis, Reza & Shivaie, Mojtaba & Weinsier, Philip D., 2024. "A flexible urban load density-dependent framework for low-carbon distribution expansion planning in the presence of hybrid hydrogen/battery/wind/solar energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 364(C).
    2. Ye, Yujiang & Zhang, Tengxi & Shi, Ruifeng & Liu, Zhuangzhuang & Jia, Limin, 2025. "A multi-stage stochastic-robust planning approach for highway service area self-contained energy system considering multiple uncertainties," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 340(C).
    3. Zhen, Cheng & Tian, Zhe & Niu, Jide & Lu, Yakai & Liang, Chuanzhi, 2026. "Optimal operation strategy for building users considering asynchronous information release in multi-type demand response markets to mitigate building-grid interaction risks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 405(C).
    4. Soheil Mohseni & Alan C. Brent, 2022. "A Metaheuristic-Based Micro-Grid Sizing Model with Integrated Arbitrage-Aware Multi-Day Battery Dispatching," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-24, October.
    5. Jing, Peng & Li, Shuohan & Wang, Minglu, 2025. "Digital empowerment, industry chain integration and corporate energy efficiency," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    6. Chen, Yuzhu & Guo, Weimin & Zhang, Tianhu & Lund, Peter D. & Wang, Jun & Yang, Kun, 2024. "Carbon and economic prices optimization of a solar-gas coupling energy system with a modified non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm considering operating sequences of water-cooled chillers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    7. Choi, Hyunjun & Byun, Juyoung & Kim, Jeongdong & Kim, Junghwan, 2025. "Transitional strategies for green methanol production: Bi-level optimization framework of dual-sourced syngas systems across Europe," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 338(C).
    8. Lu, Yu & Xiang, Yue & Huang, Yuan & Yu, Bin & Weng, Liguo & Liu, Junyong, 2023. "Deep reinforcement learning based optimal scheduling of active distribution system considering distributed generation, energy storage and flexible load," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    9. Morovat, Navid & Athienitis, Andreas K. & Candanedo, José Agustín & Nouanegue, Hervé Frank, 2024. "Heuristic model predictive control implementation to activate energy flexibility in a fully electric school building," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    10. Min Pang & Yichang Zhang & Sha He & Qiong Li, 2023. "Influencing Factors and Their Influencing Mechanisms on Integrated Power and Gas System Coupling," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-13, September.
    11. Ye, Jin & Shuai, Qilin & Hua, Qingsong, 2025. "Dynamic programming-based low-carbon and economic scheduling of integrated energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    12. Wang, Yubao & Zhen, Junjie, 2024. "Regional electricity cooperation model for cost-effective electricity management with an emphasis on economic efficiency," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    13. Liu, Jiejie & Li, Yao & Ma, Yanan & Qin, Ruomu & Meng, Xianyang & Wu, Jiangtao, 2023. "Two-layer multiple scenario optimization framework for integrated energy system based on optimal energy contribution ratio strategy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    14. Yang, Jingyue & Zhang, Hao & Li, Chenxi & Guo, Pengcheng & Ming, Bo, 2025. "Quantifying the flexibility regulation potential and economic value of pumped storage in extreme scenarios of multi-energy complementary system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 329(C).
    15. Hosung Ryu & Wookyu Chae & Hongjoo Kim & Jintae Cho, 2025. "Mid- to Long-Term Distribution System Planning Using Investment-Based Modeling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-17, July.
    16. Peng, Zhiwen & Guo, Aijun & Chang, Jianxia & Wang, Yimin & Wang, Xuebin & Zhang, Junhao, 2025. "Cluster-type open-loop pumped storage power stations with hydraulic connections exacerbate water level fluctuations of conventional hydropower stations and alter hydropower flexibility," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    17. Liu, Yuanchao & Zheng, Ruifan & Shen, Rendong & Zhao, Jun & Shi, Zekun & Wang, Guangliang & Yang, Dongfang & Li, Yang, 2025. "Research on capacity configuration optimization of integrated energy system by integrating energy hub and response surface methodology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 330(C).
    18. Hosseini Dehshiri, Seyyed Jalaladdin & Amiri, Maghsoud & Hosseini Bamakan, Seyed Mojtaba, 2024. "Evaluating the blockchain technology strategies for reducing renewable energy development risks using a novel integrated decision framework," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    19. Niu, Jide & Li, Xiaoyuan & Tian, Zhe & Yang, Hongxing, 2024. "Uncertainty analysis of the electric vehicle potential for a household to enhance robustness in decision on the EV/V2H technologies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 365(C).
    20. Hermann, Julian & Kachirayil, Febin & Lohrmann, Alena & Scheller, Fabian & Roskosch, Dennis & McKenna, Russell, 2025. "A critical reflection on modelling approaches for heat pumps and building envelope retrofits in local energy system optimisations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 400(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:253:y:2025:i:c:s0960148125012443. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/renewable-energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.