IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/renene/v244y2025ics0960148125003520.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Coordinated control for distributed energy resources in Islanded microgrids with improved frequency regulation capability

Author

Listed:
  • Zhao, Teyang
  • Liu, Hui
  • Su, Jinshuo
  • Wang, Ni
  • Luo, Zhiqiang

Abstract

With the increasing prevalence of renewable energies in islanded microgrids, wind turbine generators are becoming one of the main resources that provide frequency ancillary services by rapid and significant active power increments. Nevertheless, the substantial power increment will inevitably lead to a significant secondary frequency dip for the rotor speed restoration period and frequency overshoot for minor disturbances. This paper proposes an improved deloaded scheme to avoid the secondary frequency dip by increasing the frequency regulation reserve, which can also reduce the pitch angle adjustments. In the deloaded mode, based on the quantified frequency regulation reserve and operational limitations of wind turbine generators, an active power enhancement strategy is proposed to improve the frequency nadir by enhancing the active power contribution. The stable operation of the wind turbine generator can be ensured by varying the active power with the rotor speed. Moreover, to eliminate the frequency overshoot and improve the frequency response, a switching-based coordinated control strategy is proposed to flexibly regulate the active power outputs for wind turbine generators and distributed energy resources by switching different control strategies according to the frequency deviation. Finally, simulation results on an islanded microgrid validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies. For instance, compared with active power reserve control, the proposed switching-based coordinated control can reduce the maximum frequency deviation by 32.2 % and 14.5 % in large load increase and decrease scenarios, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhao, Teyang & Liu, Hui & Su, Jinshuo & Wang, Ni & Luo, Zhiqiang, 2025. "Coordinated control for distributed energy resources in Islanded microgrids with improved frequency regulation capability," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:244:y:2025:i:c:s0960148125003520
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.122690
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148125003520
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.renene.2025.122690?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Su, Jinshuo & Zhang, Hongcai & Liu, Hui & Liu, Dundun, 2025. "Lyapunov-based distributed secondary frequency and voltage control for distributed energy resources in islanded microgrids with expected dynamic performance improvement," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PC).
    2. Fotopoulou, Maria & Rakopoulos, Dimitrios & Petridis, Stefanos & Drosatos, Panagiotis, 2024. "Assessment of smart grid operation under emergency situations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 287(C).
    3. Cheng, Yi & Azizipanah-Abarghooee, Rasoul & Azizi, Sadegh & Ding, Lei & Terzija, Vladimir, 2020. "Smart frequency control in low inertia energy systems based on frequency response techniques: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    4. Tian, Sheng & Liu, Yongqian & Tian, Xinshou & Li, Baoliang & Chi, Yongning, 2024. "A wind farm control strategy for frequency regulation reserve: Optimize wake loss and frequency support capability," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(PB).
    5. Chen, Qian & He, Peng & Yu, Chuanjin & Zhang, Xiaochi & He, Jiayong & Li, Yongle, 2023. "Multi-step short-term wind speed predictions employing multi-resolution feature fusion and frequency information mining," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    6. Hui Liu & Peng Wang & Teyang Zhao & Zhenggang Fan & Houlin Pan, 2022. "A Group-Based Droop Control Strategy Considering Pitch Angle Protection to Deloaded Wind Farms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-23, April.
    7. Fernández-Guillamón, Ana & Gómez-Lázaro, Emilio & Muljadi, Eduard & Molina-García, Ángel, 2019. "Power systems with high renewable energy sources: A review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    8. Wang, Huaizhi & Liu, Yangyang & Zhou, Bin & Voropai, Nikolai & Cao, Guangzhong & Jia, Youwei & Barakhtenko, Evgeny, 2020. "Advanced adaptive frequency support scheme for DFIG under cyber uncertainty," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 98-109.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhang, Tengxi & Xin, Li & Wang, Shunjiang & Guo, Ren & Wang, Wentao & Cui, Jia & Wang, Peng, 2024. "A novel approach of energy and reserve scheduling for hybrid power systems: Frequency security constraints," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 361(C).
    2. Pablo Fernández-Bustamante & Oscar Barambones & Isidro Calvo & Cristian Napole & Mohamed Derbeli, 2021. "Provision of Frequency Response from Wind Farms: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-24, October.
    3. Manisha Sawant & Sameer Thakare & A. Prabhakara Rao & Andrés E. Feijóo-Lorenzo & Neeraj Dhanraj Bokde, 2021. "A Review on State-of-the-Art Reviews in Wind-Turbine- and Wind-Farm-Related Topics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-30, April.
    4. Obara, Shin'ya, 2022. "Resilience of the microgrid with a core substation with 100% hydrogen fuel cell combined cycle and a general substation with variable renewable energy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 327(C).
    5. Ana Fernández-Guillamón & Guillermo Martínez-Lucas & Ángel Molina-García & Jose-Ignacio Sarasua, 2020. "Hybrid Wind–PV Frequency Control Strategy under Variable Weather Conditions in Isolated Power Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-25, September.
    6. Emad A. Mohamed & Mokhtar Aly & Masayuki Watanabe, 2022. "New Tilt Fractional-Order Integral Derivative with Fractional Filter (TFOIDFF) Controller with Artificial Hummingbird Optimizer for LFC in Renewable Energy Power Grids," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(16), pages 1-33, August.
    7. Tian, Sheng & Liu, Yongqian & Tian, Xinshou & Li, Baoliang & Chi, Yongning, 2024. "A wind farm control strategy for frequency regulation reserve: Optimize wake loss and frequency support capability," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(PB).
    8. Cormos, Calin-Cristian, 2023. "Green hydrogen production from decarbonized biomass gasification: An integrated techno-economic and environmental analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    9. Ki Ryong Kim & Sangjung Lee & Jong-Pil Lee & Jaesik Kang, 2021. "An Enhanced Control Strategy for Mitigation of State-Transition Oscillation Phenomena in Grid-Forming Self-Synchronized Converter System with Islanded Power System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-20, December.
    10. Dong, Zhen & Li, Zhongguo & Liang, Zhongchao & Xu, Yiqiao & Ding, Zhengtao, 2021. "Distributed neural network enhanced power generation strategy of large-scale wind power plant for power expansion," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    11. Hou, Jiazuo & Hu, Chenxi & Lei, Shunbo & Hou, Yunhe, 2024. "Cyber resilience of power electronics-enabled power systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    12. Yang, Shaohua & Lao, Keng-Weng & Hui, Hongxun & Su, Jinshuo & Wang, Sheng, 2025. "Secure frequency regulation in power system: A comprehensive defense strategy against FDI, DoS, and latency cyber-attacks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 379(C).
    13. Junfeng Qi & Fei Tang & Jiarui Xie & Xinang Li & Xiaoqing Wei & Zhuo Liu, 2022. "Research on Frequency Response Modeling and Frequency Modulation Parameters of the Power System Highly Penetrated by Wind Power," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-19, June.
    14. Pompodakis, Evangelos E. & Kryonidis, Georgios C. & Karapidakis, Emmanuel S., 2023. "Volt/Var control and energy management in non-interconnected insular networks with multiple hybrid power plants," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    15. Mokhtar Aly & Emad A. Mohamed & Abdullah M. Noman & Emad M. Ahmed & Fayez F. M. El-Sousy & Masayuki Watanabe, 2023. "Optimized Non-Integer Load Frequency Control Scheme for Interconnected Microgrids in Remote Areas with High Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicle Penetrations," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-31, April.
    16. Giorgio M. Giannuzzi & Viktoriya Mostova & Cosimo Pisani & Salvatore Tessitore & Alfredo Vaccaro, 2022. "Enabling Technologies for Enhancing Power System Stability in the Presence of Converter-Interfaced Generators," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-13, October.
    17. Ana Fernández-Guillamón & Guillermo Martínez-Lucas & Ángel Molina-García & Jose Ignacio Sarasua, 2020. "An Adaptive Control Scheme for Variable Speed Wind Turbines Providing Frequency Regulation in Isolated Power Systems with Thermal Generation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-19, July.
    18. Wu, Chuanshen & Zhou, Yue & Gan, Wei & Wu, Jianzhong, 2025. "Robust scheduling of a pulp and paper mill considering flexibility provision from steam power generation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PC).
    19. Wadim Strielkowski & Irina Firsova & Inna Lukashenko & Jurgita Raudeliūnienė & Manuela Tvaronavičienė, 2021. "Effective Management of Energy Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of ICT Solutions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-17, February.
    20. Wang, Qi & Miao, Cairan & Tang, Yi, 2022. "Power shortage support strategies considering unified gas-thermal inertia in an integrated energy system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:244:y:2025:i:c:s0960148125003520. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/renewable-energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.