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Enhancing solar panel efficiency with bio-based PCMs with multiple melting points incorporating wood charcoals powder: an experimental study

Author

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  • Mohammadifar, Amir
  • Rahimi, Masoud
  • Azimi, Neda

Abstract

Effective thermal management of photovoltaic (PV) cells is essential for optimizing their performance and extending their operational lifespan. In the initial phase of this study, 16 PCM configurations-each involving different ratios of beeswax and coconut oil arranged in a cubic layout using a multi-component PCM system with distinct melting points—were experimentally analyzed to determine the optimal layout for both the internal boxes and the main PCM container. Based on the thermal behavior and power output measurements, the combination of pure beeswax in the boxes and a 50:50 mixture of coconut oil and beeswax in the chamber yielded the best performance. In the next phase, charcoal powder was incorporated into the beeswax–coconut oil PCM to further improve passive thermal regulation of PV modules. The PCMs were prepared using a melting and blending method, and their thermal conductivity was measured using the transient plane source technique. Experimental tests were conducted in a solar simulator under controlled conditions using identical PV modules—one with the PCM-integrated system and one as a control—while continuously recording surface temperature and power output. Results demonstrated a temperature reduction of up to 28 % and a 20.87 % increase in power output compared to the baseline case without thermal management. Using charcoal powder in the system resulted in a 9 % decrease in operating temperature and a 7.87 % increase in power generation compared to the system without charcoal powder. Because charcoal powder is inexpensive, non-toxic, and simple to prepare, it is a useful and competitive material for improving the thermal conductivity of organic PCMs, and a good alternative to commonly used additives.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammadifar, Amir & Rahimi, Masoud & Azimi, Neda, 2025. "Enhancing solar panel efficiency with bio-based PCMs with multiple melting points incorporating wood charcoals powder: an experimental study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 337(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:337:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225043415
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138699
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