IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v327y2025ics0360544225020912.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Effects of injection parameters on the combustion characteristics of ammonia-diesel dual-fuel direct-injection (ADDI) mode and combustion enhancement at high ammonia energy ratio

Author

Listed:
  • Wu, Haoqing
  • Jin, Zhuoying
  • Qian, Yong
  • Zhou, Dezhi
  • Shi, Lei
  • Lu, Xingcai

Abstract

Ammonia, as a carbon-free fuel, is regarded as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. Due to its low reactivity, ammonia is usually used with high-reactive fuels. This study comprehensively investigates the effects of injection interval, injection pressure, injection mass, and injection ratio on the combustion characteristics of ammonia-diesel dual-fuel direct-injection (ADDI) under engine-relevant conditions. The study was carried out on an optical constant-volume bomb with two symmetrically arranged injectors with diesel nozzles of 0.1 mm and liquid ammonia nozzles of 0.3 mm. Simultaneous chemiluminescence and flame luminosity imaging were applied. Results showed that advancing the diesel injection timing appropriately improved ammonia combustion, whereas excessively early injection of either diesel or liquid ammonia deteriorated overall combustion. Lowering the diesel injection pressure extended the diesel injection duration, thereby increasing the interaction time between the liquid ammonia spray and the diesel flame, which improved ammonia combustion. Increasing the ammonia energy ratio helped reduce carbon emissions, but an excessively high ammonia energy ratio led to suboptimal overall combustion. To address the poor combustion under high ammonia energy ratio conditions, two strategies were employed: lowering diesel injection pressure and advancing diesel injection timing. Both strategies improved overall combustion, with reducing diesel injection pressure showing a more pronounced effect. Therefore, the key to improving ammonia combustion in ADDI mode lies in extending the interaction time between the liquid ammonia spray and the diesel flame.

Suggested Citation

  • Wu, Haoqing & Jin, Zhuoying & Qian, Yong & Zhou, Dezhi & Shi, Lei & Lu, Xingcai, 2025. "Effects of injection parameters on the combustion characteristics of ammonia-diesel dual-fuel direct-injection (ADDI) mode and combustion enhancement at high ammonia energy ratio," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 327(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:327:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225020912
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.136449
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544225020912
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2025.136449?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhang, Jinhe & Elbanna, Ahmed Mohammed & Zhu, Jizhen & Qian, Yong & Lu, Xingcai, 2025. "Research on the state-of-the-art of efficient and ultra-clean ammonia combustion: From combustion kinetics to engine applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 391(C).
    2. Zhang, Junqing & Chen, Danan & Lai, Shini & Li, Jun & Huang, Hongyu & Kobayashi, Noriyuki, 2024. "Numerical simulation and spray model development of liquid ammonia injection under diesel-engine conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    3. Chen, Zhanming & He, Haibin & Wu, Jie & Wang, Lei & Lou, Hua & Zhao, Pengyun & Wang, Tao & Zhang, Haitao & Chen, Hao, 2024. "An experimental study the cross spray and combustion characteristics diesel and ammonia in a constant volume combustion chamber," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    4. Ryu, Kyunghyun & Zacharakis-Jutz, George E. & Kong, Song-Charng, 2014. "Performance characteristics of compression-ignition engine using high concentration of ammonia mixed with dimethyl ether," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 488-499.
    5. Zhu, Jizhen & Zhou, Dezhi & Yang, Wenming & Qian, Yong & Mao, Yebing & Lu, Xingcai, 2023. "Investigation on the potential of using carbon-free ammonia in large two-stroke marine engines by dual-fuel combustion strategy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PB).
    6. Nadimi, Ebrahim & Przybyła, Grzegorz & Løvås, Terese & Peczkis, Grzegorz & Adamczyk, Wojciech, 2023. "Experimental and numerical study on direct injection of liquid ammonia and its injection timing in an ammonia-biodiesel dual injection engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Li, Shiyan & Wang, Ning & Li, Tie & Chen, Run & Yi, Ping & Huang, Shuai & Zhou, Xinyi, 2024. "Experimental investigation on liquid length of direct-injection ammonia spray under engine-like conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    2. Zhang, Xiaolei & Tian, Jiangping & Cui, Zechuan & Yin, Shuo & Ye, Mingyuan & Yang, Hongen & Zhou, Qingxing & Shi, Song & Wei, Kaile, 2024. "Visualization study on the flame propagation and distribution characteristics and exploration of optimal injection strategy in ammonia/diesel dual direct injection mode," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    3. Jinyi Hu & Yongbao Liu & Xing He & Jianfeng Zhao & Shaojun Xia, 2024. "Application of NH 3 Fuel in Power Equipment and Its Impact on NO x Emissions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-39, June.
    4. Dong, Pengbo & Liu, Kunlong & Zhang, Lenan & Zhang, Zhenxian & Long, Wuqiang & Tian, Hua, 2024. "Study on the synergistic control of nitrogenous emissions and greenhouse gas of ammonia/diesel dual direct injection two-stroke engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    5. Guo, Liang & Yu, Changyou & Sun, Wanchen & Zhang, Hao & Cheng, Peng & Yan, Yuying & Lin, Shaodian & Zeng, Wenpeng & Zhu, Genan & Jiang, Mengqi, 2024. "Study on effects of ethylene or acetylene addition on the stability of ammonia laminar diffusion flame by optical diagnostics and chemical kinetics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 362(C).
    6. Zhou, Xinyi & Li, Tie & Wang, Ning & Wu, Zehao & Cao, Jiale & Chen, Run & Huang, Shuai & Li, Shiyan, 2024. "Similarity of high-pressure direct-injection liquid ammonia spray for different-sized engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    7. Kumar, Laveet & Sleiti, Ahmad K., 2024. "Systematic review on ammonia as a sustainable fuel for combustion," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    8. Li, Jun & Huang, Hongyu & Kobayashi, Noriyuki & He, Zhaohong & Osaka, Yugo & Zeng, Tao, 2015. "Numerical study on effect of oxygen content in combustion air on ammonia combustion," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P2), pages 2053-2068.
    9. Wang, Ying & Xiao, Fan & Zhao, Yuwei & Li, Dongchang & Lei, Xiong, 2015. "Study on cycle-by-cycle variations in a diesel engine with dimethyl ether as port premixing fuel," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 58-70.
    10. Wei, Wenwen & Li, Gesheng & Zhang, Zunhua & Long, Yanxiang & Zhang, Hanyuyang & Huang, Yong & Zhou, Mengni & Wei, Yi, 2023. "Effects of ammonia addition on the performance and emissions for a spark-ignition marine natural gas engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    11. Chiong, Meng-Choung & Kang, Hooi-Siang & Shaharuddin, Nik Mohd Ridzuan & Mat, Shabudin & Quen, Lee Kee & Ten, Ki-Hong & Ong, Muk Chen, 2021. "Challenges and opportunities of marine propulsion with alternative fuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    12. Liu, Shang & Lin, Zhelong & Zhang, Hao & Lei, Nuo & Qi, Yunliang & Wang, Zhi, 2023. "Impact of ammonia addition on knock resistance and combustion performance in a gasoline engine with high compression ratio," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PA).
    13. Qiu, Shuyi & Wang, Shangning & Nour, Mohamed & Li, Xuesong & Xu, Min & Wang, Lijun & Zhang, Haijun, 2025. "Experimental study on flow fields of spray impingement under flash boiling conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 318(C).
    14. Zha, Xiaojian & Zhang, Zewu & Zhao, Zhenghong & Yang, Long & Mao, Wenchao & Wu, Fan & Li, Xiaoshan & Luo, Cong & Zhang, Liqi, 2024. "Comparative study on co-firing characteristics of normal and superfine pulverized coal blended with NH3 under the MILD combustion mode," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    15. Lianmei Guo & Jianjun Zhu & Laibin Fu & Zhixin Li & Fanfan Liu & Zilin Wang & Xiangyang Liu & Qinqiang Dong, 2023. "Effects of Pre-Injection Strategy on Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia/Diesel Dual-Fuel Compression Ignition Mode," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-16, November.
    16. Liu, Shang & Lin, Zhelong & Qi, Yunliang & Wang, Zhi & Yang, Dongsheng & Lu, Guoxiang & Wang, Bo, 2024. "Combustion and emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine fueled with ammonia/gasoline and pure ammonia," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 369(C).
    17. Tay, Kun Lin & Yang, Wenming & Li, Jing & Zhou, Dezhi & Yu, Wenbin & Zhao, Feiyang & Chou, Siaw Kiang & Mohan, Balaji, 2017. "Numerical investigation on the combustion and emissions of a kerosene-diesel fueled compression ignition engine assisted by ammonia fumigation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 1476-1488.
    18. Zhang, Yiran & Fu, Li & Wang, Sihao & Ning, Hongbo, 2024. "Theoretical reaction kinetics predictions for acetone and ketene with NH2 radicals: Implications on acetone/ammonia kinetic modeling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    19. Chen, Zhanming & Xu, Xiaorui & He, Haibin & Chai, Guoqing & Wang, Xiaochen & Wu, Jie & Wang, Lei & Lou, Hua & Chen, Hao, 2025. "Comparative study of the spray and combustion characteristics of diesel engine dual injection with cross and horizontally opposed settings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 318(C).
    20. Shi, Guodong & Li, Pengfei & Li, Kesheng & Hu, Fan & Liu, Qian & Zhou, Haoyu & Liu, Zhaohui, 2023. "Insight into NOx formation characteristics of ammonia oxidation in N2 and H2O atmospheres," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:327:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225020912. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.