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Risk-averse stochastic multi-objective optimization for time-of-use demand response pricing in smart microgrids

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  • Nikzad, Mehdi

Abstract

This paper presents a multi-objective optimization approach for the pricing of a time-of-use (TOU) demand response program in a smart microgrid (MG), addressing the perspectives of the MG operator, aggregators, and clients. The MG operator's objective is to maximize profit by balancing production costs and revenue, which varies with the implementation of TOU, while minimizing bonuses paid to aggregators. The aggregators aim to maximize the bonus received from the MG operator while minimizing both the compensation paid to clients for aligning their consumption with renewable generation and the discomfort experienced by clients. Clients seek to maximize their compensation while minimizing discomfort caused by adjusting their consumption patterns. The model includes uncertain parameters like solar radiation, wind speed, and load demand, characterized by probability density functions (PDFs) to generate scenarios, with backward scenario reduction technique used to manage computational complexity. The multi-objective optimization problem is modeled stochastically and solved using the Normal Boundary Intersection (NBI) method, with the Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) index integrated to account for a risk-averse perspective.

Suggested Citation

  • Nikzad, Mehdi, 2025. "Risk-averse stochastic multi-objective optimization for time-of-use demand response pricing in smart microgrids," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:322:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225013751
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.135733
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    References listed on IDEAS

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