IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v320y2025ics0360544225009788.html

Model predictive control for ice-storage air conditioning systems with time delay compensation integration

Author

Listed:
  • Ding, Yan
  • Hu, Long
  • Wang, Qiaochu
  • Bai, Yang
  • Tian, Zhe
  • Yang, Caixia

Abstract

Under the optimized control of building demand response, the ice storage air conditioning system can mitigate peak electrical grid pressure and intermittent renewable energy integration issues. However, due to the complex phase-change characteristics of the ice melting and cooling process, such as nonlinearity and significant inertia, current heat transfer and control models fail to optimize the dynamic response performance of the equipment considering these time-delay properties. In this study, an enthalpy-based model is employed to piecewise linearize the nonlinear phase-change process of the ice storage tank. By utilizing the state-space approach to transform the differential equations into transfer function-based dynamic heat transfer equations, the dynamic delay times for the ice storage system are characterized from inertia and flow delay times. Thereby, a time-delay compensation module is embedded into the Model Predictive Control (MPC). Then a dual-objective operational control strategy considering both cost-effectiveness and dynamic response performance is proposed. The results show that, compared to traditional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers, the MPC strategy respectively reduces the response time during the initial, middle, and final phases of ice melting by 43.3 %, 47.1 %, and 50.5 % and contributes to a reduction of peak electrical load and operating costs by 6.5 % and 8.5 %.

Suggested Citation

  • Ding, Yan & Hu, Long & Wang, Qiaochu & Bai, Yang & Tian, Zhe & Yang, Caixia, 2025. "Model predictive control for ice-storage air conditioning systems with time delay compensation integration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:320:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225009788
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.135336
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544225009788
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135336?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. He, Hongwen & Wang, Yunlong & Han, Ruoyan & Han, Mo & Bai, Yunfei & Liu, Qingwu, 2021. "An improved MPC-based energy management strategy for hybrid vehicles using V2V and V2I communications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
    2. Zhai, Junchang & Wang, Huanqing & He, Zuowei, 2023. "Fixed-time tracking control for high-order nonlinear systems with unknown time-varying input delay," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 452(C).
    3. Yan, Chengchu & Wang, Fengling & Pan, Yan & Shan, Kui & Kosonen, Risto, 2020. "A multi-timescale cold storage system within energy flexible buildings for power balance management of smart grids," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 626-634.
    4. Cui, Mianshan, 2022. "District heating load prediction algorithm based on bidirectional long short-term memory network model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PA).
    5. Jia, Lizhi & Liu, Junjie & Chong, Adrian & Dai, Xilei, 2022. "Deep learning and physics-based modeling for the optimization of ice-based thermal energy systems in cooling plants," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    6. AL-Saadi, Saleh Nasser & Zhai, Zhiqiang (John), 2013. "Modeling phase change materials embedded in building enclosure: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 21(C), pages 659-673.
    7. Candanedo, J.A. & Dehkordi, V.R. & Stylianou, M., 2013. "Model-based predictive control of an ice storage device in a building cooling system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 1032-1045.
    8. Liu, Zichu & Quan, Zhenhua & Zhao, Yaohua & Jing, Heran & Wang, Lincheng & Liu, Xin, 2022. "Numerical research on the solidification heat transfer characteristics of ice thermal storage device based on a compact multichannel flat tube-closed rectangular fin heat exchanger," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PD).
    9. Su, Bing & Wang, Shengwei & Li, Wenzhuo, 2021. "Impacts of uncertain information delays on distributed real-time optimal controls for building HVAC systems deployed on IoT-enabled field control networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    10. Jie, Pengfei & Tian, Zhe & Yuan, Shanshan & Zhu, Neng, 2012. "Modeling the dynamic characteristics of a district heating network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 126-134.
    11. Sun, Chunhua & Liu, Yiting & Cao, Shanshan & Chen, Jiali & Xia, Guoqiang & Wu, Xiangdong, 2022. "Identification of control regularity of heating stations based on cross-correlation function dynamic time delay method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).
    12. Liu, Chunming & Wang, Chunling & Yin, Yujun & Yang, Peihong & Jiang, Hui, 2022. "Bi-level dispatch and control strategy based on model predictive control for community integrated energy system considering dynamic response performance," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    13. Verbeke, Stijn & Audenaert, Amaryllis, 2018. "Thermal inertia in buildings: A review of impacts across climate and building use," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2300-2318.
    14. Cao, Hui & Lin, Jiajing & Li, Nan, 2023. "Optimal control and energy efficiency evaluation of district ice storage system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    15. Chang, Chun & Xu, Xiaoyu & Guo, Xinxin & Yu, Rong & Rasakhodzhaev, Bakhramzhan & Bao, Daorina & Zhao, Mingzhi, 2024. "Experimental and numerical study during the solidification process of a vertical and horizontal coiled ice storage system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
    16. Dalala, Zakariya & Al-Omari, Murad & Al-Addous, Mohammad & Bdour, Mathhar & Al-Khasawneh, Yaqoub & Alkasrawi, Malek, 2022. "Increased renewable energy penetration in national electrical grids constraints and solutions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ma, Kai & Sun, Yuying & Wang, Wei & Gu, Xianliang, 2026. "Dynamic occupants, indoor environmental quality, and energy systems control at airports: A systematic review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 226(PB).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sun, Chunhua & Liu, Yiting & Cao, Shanshan & Chen, Jiali & Xia, Guoqiang & Wu, Xiangdong, 2022. "Identification of control regularity of heating stations based on cross-correlation function dynamic time delay method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).
    2. Song, Jiancai & Wang, Kangning & Bian, Tianxiang & Li, Wen & Dong, Qianxing & Chen, Lei & Xue, Guixiang & Wu, Xiangdong, 2025. "A novel heat load prediction algorithm based on fuzzy C-mean clustering and mixed positional encoding informer," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 388(C).
    3. Cao, Hui & Lin, Jiajing & Li, Nan, 2023. "Optimal control and energy efficiency evaluation of district ice storage system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    4. Fanghan Su & Zhiyuan Wang & Yue Yuan & Chengcheng Song & Kejun Zeng & Yixing Chen & Rongpeng Zhang, 2023. "Enhanced Operation of Ice Storage System for Peak Load Management in Shopping Malls across Diverse Climate Zones," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-23, October.
    5. Sun, Chunhua & Yan, Hao & Yuan, Lingyu & Cao, Shanshan & Ma, Weichi & Suo, Chenyu & Qi, Chengying & Wu, Xiangdong, 2024. "A refined classification method of heat customers to improve inter-household thermal balance intelligent control and regulation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    6. Yin, Boyi & Zhu, Wenjiang & Tang, Cheng & Wang, Can & Xu, Xinhai, 2025. "Hierarchical optimal scheduling of IES considering SOFC degradation, internal and external uncertainties," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 381(C).
    7. Sayegh, M.A. & Danielewicz, J. & Nannou, T. & Miniewicz, M. & Jadwiszczak, P. & Piekarska, K. & Jouhara, H., 2017. "Trends of European research and development in district heating technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 1183-1192.
    8. Zhihui Feng & Yaozhong Zhang & Jiaqi Liu & Tao Wang & Ping Cai & Lixiong Xu, 2025. "Analysis of Renewable Energy Absorption Potential via Security-Constrained Power System Production Simulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-24, June.
    9. Guo, Yurun & Wang, Shugang & Wang, Jihong & Zhang, Tengfei & Ma, Zhenjun & Jiang, Shuang, 2024. "Key district heating technologies for building energy flexibility: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    10. Lin, Xueru & Li, Jing & Zhong, Wei & Lin, Xiaojie & Zhang, Hong & Wei, Wei, 2025. "Cross-scale coordinated optimization method for electricity-thermal-hydrogen systems in chemical industrial parks based on long-term and short-term flexibility margin evaluation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 340(C).
    11. Kheradmand, Mohammad & Azenha, Miguel & de Aguiar, José L.B. & Castro-Gomes, João, 2016. "Experimental and numerical studies of hybrid PCM embedded in plastering mortar for enhanced thermal behaviour of buildings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 250-261.
    12. Leccese, Francesco & Salvadori, Giacomo & Asdrubali, Francesco & Gori, Paola, 2018. "Passive thermal behaviour of buildings: Performance of external multi-layered walls and influence of internal walls," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 1078-1089.
    13. Xiaoyu Xu & Chun Chang & Xinxin Guo & Mingzhi Zhao, 2023. "Experimental and Numerical Study of the Ice Storage Process and Material Properties of Ice Storage Coils," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-18, July.
    14. Wang, Y. & Mauree, D. & Sun, Q. & Lin, H. & Scartezzini, J.L. & Wennersten, R., 2020. "A review of approaches to low-carbon transition of high-rise residential buildings in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    15. Han, Yichen & Zhou, Zhengnan & Wang, Chaohong & Li, Wenwen & Liu, Yuqiu & Jia, Zhuoyang, 2025. "Arranging the inherent thermal mass of urban buildings enhances passive energy harvesting in winter," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    16. Griesbach, Marco & König-Haagen, Andreas & Heberle, Florian & Brüggemann, Dieter, 2025. "Assessment and optimal sizing of ice energy storage systems in various non-residential building types," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    17. Yana Galazutdinova & Ruby-Jean Clark & Said Al-Hallaj & Sumanjeet Kaur & Mohammed Farid, 2024. "New Thermochemical Salt Hydrate System for Energy Storage in Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-20, October.
    18. He, Ke-Lun & Chen, Qun & Ma, Huan & Zhao, Tian & Hao, Jun-Hong, 2020. "An isomorphic multi-energy flow modeling for integrated power and thermal system considering nonlinear heat transfer constraint," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    19. Saloux, E. & Candanedo, J.A., 2019. "Modelling stratified thermal energy storage tanks using an advanced flowrate distribution of the received flow," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C), pages 34-45.
    20. Leila Luttenberger Marić & Hrvoje Keko & Marko Delimar, 2022. "The Role of Local Aggregator in Delivering Energy Savings to Household Consumers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-27, April.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:320:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225009788. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.