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Investigation on the wave energy converter that reacts against an internal inverted pendulum

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  • Wu, Jinming
  • Qian, Chen
  • Zheng, Siming
  • Chen, Ni
  • Xia, Dan
  • Göteman, Malin

Abstract

In this work, a wave energy converter (WEC) that reacts against an internal inverted pendulum, which works as an inertial device to provide reaction for power absorption and is potentially superior due to its natural high elevation of the internal mass compared to a normal pendulum, named IPWEC has been studied. Optimal structural configurations of the WEC have been identified by a genetic algorithm. The equations of motion have been defined and solved explicitly using a linearized model, which has been validated by experiments and a non-linearized model. When comparing IPWEC with the WEC that reacts against a normal pendulum (NPWEC), it is found that, although both WECs present almost the same wave power capture ability, IPWEC possesses several advantages in most sea states due to the naturally high elevation of the pendulum's center of gravity: (1) the pendulum mass and the angular motion amplitude of the pendulum are 35% and 50%, respectively, smaller than those of NPWEC; (2) the averaged reactive power required under complex conjugate control is 75% smaller than NPWEC; (3) the moment which holds the pendulum fixed relative to the hull in the survival mode is merely a half as large as that of NPWEC.

Suggested Citation

  • Wu, Jinming & Qian, Chen & Zheng, Siming & Chen, Ni & Xia, Dan & Göteman, Malin, 2022. "Investigation on the wave energy converter that reacts against an internal inverted pendulum," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:247:y:2022:i:c:s0360544222003966
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.123493
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    4. Jin, Yeqing & Chen, Zichuan & Ren, Guangyan & Zhang, Tianhao & Zhang, Jianbo & Zou, Guoqiang, 2025. "Hydrodynamic performance of a multi-float pendulum wave energy converter coupled with a monopile wind turbine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    5. Zhao, Tiancong & Zhai, Zhenfeng & Li, Ying, 2026. "Investigation of gimbaled pendulum dynamics for broadband wave energy harvesting," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 346(C).
    6. Chen, Weixing & Lin, Xiongsen & Lu, Yunfei & Li, Shaoxun & Wang, Lucai & Zhang, Yongkuang & Gao, Feng, 2023. "Design and experiment of a double-wing wave energy converter," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 1497-1506.
    7. Tiancong Zhao & Zhengyu Li & Bo Niu & Guangci Xie & Liang Shangguan & Meikun Zhang & Yurun Zhu & Yong Ma & Chao Hu & Ying Li, 2025. "A pendulum-based nanogenerator for high-entropy wave energy harvesting," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-11, December.
    8. Yang, RuoTong & Lin, Jing & Wang, LiGuo, 2025. "Enhancing the power generation of a single-buoy built-in wave energy converter by using two damping wings: Experimental and numerical investigation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).

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