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Energy auditing of long-term conservation agriculture based irrigated intensive maize systems in semi-arid tropics of India

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  • Parihar, C.M.
  • Jat, S.L.
  • Singh, A.K.
  • Kumar, B.
  • Rathore, N.S.
  • Jat, M.L.
  • Saharawat, Y.S.
  • Kuri, B.R.

Abstract

In a 7-year study, we assessed the conservation agriculture (CA) practices [permanent bed (PB) and zero tillage (ZT)] and conventional till (CT) in 4-diversified maize rotations [maize-wheat-mungbean (MWMb), maize-chickpea-Sesbania green manure (MCS), maize-mustard-mungbean (MMuMb) and maize-maize-Sesbania green manure (MMS)]. Results showed that ZT and PB plots consumed lower energy (7 yr average) in land preparation (49.7–51.5%) and irrigation (16.8–22.9%) compared to CT. Significantly higher system output (10.6–14.5%) and net energy (14.8–18.9%) returns, biomass productivity (9.9–14.1%), energy use-efficiency (13.4–17.1%), and bio-energetic based adult equivalent yield (17.3–19.8%) was recorded in ZT and PB than the CT. Among the crop rotation plots the net energy-output (35,3346 MJ ha−1), biomass yield (11.87 Mg ha−1), energy use efficiency (4.16), and bio-energetic based adult equivalent yield (46 adults ha−1 year−1) was recorded significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in MWMb plots. Interaction between tillage and crop rotations were significant (P ≤ 0.05) for mean system output and net energy returns, biomass productivity and bio-energetic based adult equivalent yield. Thus, our long-term study suggests that CA practices with diversified maize based rotation (MWMb) could be a feasible alternative to attain high energy-use efficiency, biomass productivity and bio-energetic based adult equivalent yield in north-western India and other similar agro-ecologies of South Asia.

Suggested Citation

  • Parihar, C.M. & Jat, S.L. & Singh, A.K. & Kumar, B. & Rathore, N.S. & Jat, M.L. & Saharawat, Y.S. & Kuri, B.R., 2018. "Energy auditing of long-term conservation agriculture based irrigated intensive maize systems in semi-arid tropics of India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 289-302.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:142:y:2018:i:c:p:289-302
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.015
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Saad, A.A. & Das, T.K. & Rana, D.S. & Sharma, A.R. & Bhattacharyya, Ranjan & Lal, Krishan, 2016. "Energy auditing of a maize–wheat–greengram cropping system under conventional and conservation agriculture in irrigated north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 116(P1), pages 293-305.
    2. Chaudhary, V.P. & Gangwar, B. & Pandey, D.K. & Gangwar, K.S., 2009. "Energy auditing of diversified rice–wheat cropping systems in Indo-gangetic plains," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(9), pages 1091-1096.
    3. Parihar, C.M. & Jat, S.L. & Singh, A.K. & Ghosh, A. & Rathore, N.S. & Kumar, B. & Pradhan, S. & Majumdar, K. & Satyanarayana, T. & Jat, M.L. & Saharawat, Y.S. & Kuri, B.R. & Saveipune, D., 2017. "Effects of precision conservation agriculture in a maize-wheat-mungbean rotation on crop yield, water-use and radiation conversion under a semiarid agro-ecosystem," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 306-319.
    4. Parihar, C.M. & Jat, S.L. & Singh, A.K. & Majumdar, K. & Jat, M.L. & Saharawat, Y.S. & Pradhan, S. & Kuri, B.R., 2017. "Bio-energy, water-use efficiency and economics of maize-wheat-mungbean system under precision-conservation agriculture in semi-arid agro-ecosystem," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 245-256.
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    1. Sanjay Singh Rathore & Subhash Babu & Kapila Shekhawat & Vinod K. Singh & Pravin Kumar Upadhyay & Rajiv Kumar Singh & Rishi Raj & Harveer Singh & Fida Mohammad Zaki, 2022. "Oilseed Brassica Species Diversification and Crop Geometry Influence the Productivity, Economics, and Environmental Footprints under Semi-Arid Regions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-18, February.
    2. Sergio Juárez-Hernández & Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo, 2020. "Assessing the potential of alternative farming practices for sustainable energy and water use and GHG mitigation in conventional maize systems," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 22(8), pages 8029-8059, December.
    3. Parihar, C.M. & Meena, B.R. & Nayak, Hari Sankar & Patra, K. & Sena, D.R. & Singh, Raj & Jat, S.L. & Sharma, D.K. & Mahala, D.M. & Patra, S. & Rupesh, & Rathi, N. & Choudhary, M. & Jat, M.L. & Abdalla, 2022. "Co-implementation of precision nutrient management in long-term conservation agriculture-based systems: A step towards sustainable energy-water-food nexus," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PB).
    4. Wakchaure, G.C. & Minhas, P.S. & Biswas, A.K. & Meena, Kamlesh K. & Pradhan, Aliza & Gawhale, B.J. & Choudhary, R.L. & Kumar, Satish & Fagodiya, Ram K. & Reddy, K. Sammi & Pathak, H., 2025. "Assessment of gains in productivity and water-energy-carbon nexus with tillage, trash retention and fertigation practices in drip irrigated sugarcane," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    5. Barman, Anamika & Pooniya, Vijay & Zhiipao, R.R. & Biswakarma, Niraj & Kumar, Dinesh & Das, T.K. & Shivay, Y.S. & Rathore, S.S. & Das, Kajal & Babu, Subhash & Saikia, Nilutpal & Meena, M.C. & Bhatia, , 2024. "Integrated crop management for long-term sustainability of maize-wheat rotation focusing on productivity, energy and carbon footprints," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    6. Kumar, Naman & Bhunia, Snehasish & Dey, Prithwiraj, 2024. "Data envelopment analysis and multi-objective genetic algorithm based optimization of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in rice-wheat system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    7. Kakraliya, S.K. & Jat, H.S. & Singh, Ishwar & Sapkota, Tek B. & Singh, Love K. & Sutaliya, Jhabar M. & Sharma, Parbodh C. & Jat, R.D. & Choudhary, Meena & Lopez-Ridaura, Santiago & Jat, M.L., 2018. "Performance of portfolios of climate smart agriculture practices in a rice-wheat system of western Indo-Gangetic plains," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 122-133.

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