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Recovery of diesel-like fuel from waste palm oil by pyrolysis using a microwave heated bed of activated carbon

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  • Lam, Su Shiung
  • Wan Mahari, Wan Adibah
  • Cheng, Chin Kui
  • Omar, Rozita
  • Chong, Cheng Tung
  • Chase, Howard A.

Abstract

Microwave pyrolysis using a well-mixed bed of activated carbon as both the microwave absorber and reaction bed was investigated for its potential to recover useful products from waste palm cooking oil – a cooking oil widely used in Asia. The carbon bed provided rapid heating (∼18 °C/min) and a localized reaction hot zone that thermally promoted extensive pyrolysis cracking of the waste oil at 450 °C, leading to increased production of a biofuel product in a process taking less than 25 min. It also created a reducing reaction environment that prevented the formation of undesirable oxidized compounds in the biofuel. The pyrolysis produced a biofuel product that is low in oxygen, free of sulphur, carboxylic acid and triglycerides, and which also contains light C10-C15 hydrocarbons and a high calorific value nearly comparable to diesel fuel, thus showing great potential to be used as fuel. This pyrolysis approach offers an attractive alternative to transesterification that avoids the use of solvents and catalysts, and the need to remove free fatty acids and glycerol from the hydrocarbon product. The pyrolysis apparatus operated with an electrical power input of 1.12 kW was capable of producing a biofuel with an energy content equivalent to about 3 kW, showing a positive energy ratio of 2.7 and ≥73% recovery of the energy input to the system. The results show that the pyrolysis approach has huge potential as a technically and energetically viable means for the recovery of biofuels from the waste oil.

Suggested Citation

  • Lam, Su Shiung & Wan Mahari, Wan Adibah & Cheng, Chin Kui & Omar, Rozita & Chong, Cheng Tung & Chase, Howard A., 2016. "Recovery of diesel-like fuel from waste palm oil by pyrolysis using a microwave heated bed of activated carbon," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P1), pages 791-799.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:115:y:2016:i:p1:p:791-799
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.09.076
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    4. Kalu Samuel Ukanwa & Kumar Patchigolla & Ruben Sakrabani & Edward Anthony & Sachin Mandavgane, 2019. "A Review of Chemicals to Produce Activated Carbon from Agricultural Waste Biomass," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(22), pages 1-35, November.
    5. Cao, Bin & Wang, Shuang & Hu, Yamin & Abomohra, Abd El-Fatah & Qian, Lili & He, Zhixia & Wang, Qian & Uzoejinwa, Benjamin Bernard & Esakkimuthu, Sivakumar, 2019. "Effect of washing with diluted acids on Enteromorpha clathrata pyrolysis products: Towards enhanced bio-oil from seaweeds," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 29-38.
    6. Mutsengerere, S. & Chihobo, C.H. & Musademba, D. & Nhapi, I., 2019. "A review of operating parameters affecting bio-oil yield in microwave pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 328-336.
    7. Lam, Su Shiung & Wan Mahari, Wan Adibah & Ok, Yong Sik & Peng, Wanxi & Chong, Cheng Tung & Ma, Nyuk Ling & Chase, Howard A. & Liew, Zhenling & Yusup, Suzana & Kwon, Eilhann E. & Tsang, Daniel C.W., 2019. "Microwave vacuum pyrolysis of waste plastic and used cooking oil for simultaneous waste reduction and sustainable energy conversion: Recovery of cleaner liquid fuel and techno-economic analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    8. Tianhao Shen & Fengxia Zhang & Shiliang Yang & Hua Wang & Jianhang Hu, 2023. "Investigation of Pyrolysis Kinetic Triplet, Thermodynamics, Product Characteristics and Reaction Mechanism of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel under the Influence of Copper Slag," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-22, February.
    9. Li, Zhixia & Huang, Zhentao & Ding, Shilei & Li, Fuwei & Wang, Zhaohe & Lin, Hongfei & Chen, Congjin, 2018. "Catalytic conversion of waste cooking oil to fuel oil: Catalyst design and effect of solvent," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 270-277.
    10. Lee, Jechan & Yang, Xiao & Song, Hocheol & Ok, Yong Sik & Kwon, Eilhann E., 2017. "Effects of carbon dioxide on pyrolysis of peat," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 929-936.
    11. Luo, Juan & Ma, Rui & Huang, Xiaofei & Sun, Shichang & Wang, Hao, 2020. "Bio-fuels generation and the heat conversion mechanisms in different microwave pyrolysis modes of sludge," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    12. Nouri, Hoda & Moghimi, Hamid & Nikbakht Rad, Mahzad & Ostovar, Marjan & Farazandeh Mehr, Shima Sadat & Ghanaatian, Fateme & Talebi, Ahmad Farhad, 2019. "Enhanced growth and lipid production in oleaginous fungus, Sarocladium kiliense ADH17: Study on fatty acid profiling and prediction of biodiesel properties," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 10-20.
    13. Xu, Lujiang & Chen, Shijia & Song, He & Liu, Yang & Shi, Chenchen & Lu, Qiang, 2020. "Comprehensively utilization of spent bleaching clay for producing high quality bio-fuel via fast pyrolysis process," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
    14. Ge, Shengbo & Foong, Shin Ying & Ma, Nyuk Ling & Liew, Rock Keey & Wan Mahari, Wan Adibah & Xia, Changlei & Yek, Peter Nai Yuh & Peng, Wanxi & Nam, Wai Lun & Lim, Xin Yi & Liew, Chin Mei & Chong, Chi , 2020. "Vacuum pyrolysis incorporating microwave heating and base mixture modification: An integrated approach to transform biowaste into eco-friendly bioenergy products," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    15. Wan Mahari, Wan Adibah & Chong, Cheng Tung & Cheng, Chin Kui & Lee, Chern Leing & Hendrata, Kristian & Yuh Yek, Peter Nai & Ma, Nyuk Ling & Lam, Su Shiung, 2018. "Production of value-added liquid fuel via microwave co-pyrolysis of used frying oil and plastic waste," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 309-317.
    16. Le-Phuc, Nguyen & Tran, Tri V. & Phan, Thien T. & Ngo, Phuong T. & Ha, Quan L.M. & Luong, Thuy N. & Tran, Thinh H. & Phan, Tuan T., 2021. "High-efficient production of biofuels using spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts and high acid value waste cooking oils," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 57-63.
    17. Suiuay, Chokchai & Sudajan, Somposh & Katekaew, Somporn & Senawong, Kritsadang & Laloon, Kittipong, 2019. "Production of gasoline-like-fuel and diesel-like-fuel from hard-resin of Yang (Dipterocarpus alatus) using a fast pyrolysis process," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    18. Fan, Liangliang & Liu, Lei & Xiao, Zhiguo & Su, Zheyang & Huang, Pei & Peng, Hongyu & Lv, Sen & Jiang, Haiwei & Ruan, Roger & Chen, Paul & Zhou, Wenguang, 2021. "Comparative study of continuous-stirred and batch microwave pyrolysis of linear low-density polyethylene in the presence/absence of HZSM-5," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    19. Merckel, Ryan D. & Labuschagne, Frederick J.W.J. & Heydenrych, Michael D., 2020. "Energy metrics of fuel juxtaposed with mass yield metrics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 371-379.
    20. Wan Mahari, Wan Adibah & Kee, Seng Hon & Foong, Shin Ying & Amelia, Tan Suet May & Bhubalan, Kesaven & Man, Mustafa & Yang, YaFeng & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Vithanage, Meththika & Lam, Su Shiung & Sonne, C, 2022. "Generating alternative fuel and bioplastics from medical plastic waste and waste frying oil using microwave co-pyrolysis combined with microbial fermentation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    21. Abomohra, Abd El-Fatah & Sheikh, Huda M.A. & El-Naggar, Amal H. & Wang, Qingyuan, 2021. "Microwave vacuum co-pyrolysis of waste plastic and seaweeds for enhanced crude bio-oil recovery: Experimental and feasibility study towards industrialization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    22. Badoei-dalfard, Arastoo & Malekabadi, Saeid & Karami, Zahra & Sargazi, Ghasem, 2019. "Magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates of Km12 lipase: A stable nanobiocatalyst for biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 874-882.
    23. Wang, Yan & Cao, Yang & Li, Jin, 2018. "Preparation of biofuels with waste cooking oil by fluid catalytic cracking: The effect of catalyst performance on the products," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 34-39.

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