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Application-specific electrical characterization of high power batteries with lithium titanate anodes for electric vehicles

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  • Farmann, Alexander
  • Waag, Wladislaw
  • Sauer, Dirk Uwe

Abstract

This study shows results of extensive experimental measurements performed on high power lithium titanate based batteries. Characterization tests are performed over a wide temperature range (−20 °C – +40 °C) by employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and modified hybrid pulse power characterization tests. Furthermore, the behavior of battery impedance parameters over the battery lifetime with regard to temperature, State-of-Charge and their influence on available battery power in an example of electric vehicles is discussed. Based on extracted parameters, a reduced order equivalent circuit model considering the nonlinearity of the charge transfer resistance is parametrized. The obtained results indicate that ohmic resistance increases with decreasing State-of-Charge while the shape of the curve remains almost constant over the battery lifetime. The total impedance determined at 1 mHz shows almost no dependence on State-of-Charge and remains constant over the whole State-of-Charge range. The necessity of considering the impact of the current dependence of the direct current resistance at least at low temperatures (i.e., below 0 °C) is confirmed. Moreover, by investigating the Butler-Volmer equation the behavior of exchange current density and symmetry factor is analyzed for various temperatures and State-of-Charges over the battery lifetime.

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  • Farmann, Alexander & Waag, Wladislaw & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2016. "Application-specific electrical characterization of high power batteries with lithium titanate anodes for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 294-306.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:112:y:2016:i:c:p:294-306
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.088
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    2. Wang, Mingyue & Huang, Ying & Wang, Ke & Zhu, Yade & Zhang, Na & Zhang, Hongming & Li, Suping & Feng, Zhenhe, 2018. "PVD synthesis of binder-free silicon and carbon coated 3D α-Fe2O3 nanorods hybrid films as high-capacity and long-life anode for flexible lithium-ion batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 1021-1029.
    3. Farmann, Alexander & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2018. "Comparative study of reduced order equivalent circuit models for on-board state-of-available-power prediction of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 1102-1122.
    4. Wang, Kangkang & Gao, Fei & Zhu, Yanli & Liu, Hao & Qi, Chuang & Yang, Kai & Jiao, Qingjie, 2018. "Internal resistance and heat generation of soft package Li4Ti5O12 battery during charge and discharge," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 364-374.
    5. Zhang, Yuan Ci & Briat, Olivier & Boulon, Loïc & Deletage, Jean-Yves & Martin, Cyril & Coccetti, Fabio & Vinassa, Jean-Michel, 2019. "Non-isothermal Ragone plots of Li-ion cells from datasheet and galvanostatic discharge tests," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C), pages 703-715.
    6. Theodoros Kalogiannis & Md Sazzad Hosen & Mohsen Akbarzadeh Sokkeh & Shovon Goutam & Joris Jaguemont & Lu Jin & Geng Qiao & Maitane Berecibar & Joeri Van Mierlo, 2019. "Comparative Study on Parameter Identification Methods for Dual-Polarization Lithium-Ion Equivalent Circuit Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-35, October.
    7. Rogers, Daniel J. & Aslett, Louis J.M. & Troffaes, Matthias C.M., 2021. "Modelling of modular battery systems under cell capacity variation and degradation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    8. Cheng Siong Chin & Zuchang Gao & Joel Hay King Chiew & Caizhi Zhang, 2018. "Nonlinear Temperature-Dependent State Model of Cylindrical LiFePO 4 Battery for Open-Circuit Voltage, Terminal Voltage and State-of-Charge Estimation with Extended Kalman Filter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-28, September.
    9. Goh, Taedong & Park, Minjun & Seo, Minhwan & Kim, Jun Gu & Kim, Sang Woo, 2018. "Successive-approximation algorithm for estimating capacity of Li-ion batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 61-73.
    10. Wang, Y. & Qiao, X. & Zhang, C. & Zhou, Xiangyang, 2018. "Self-discharge of a hybrid supercapacitor with incorporated galvanic cell components," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 1035-1045.

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