A comparative state-of-the-art review of wave energy converters: point absorbers, linear absorbers, and hybrid systems

Harnessing energy from ocean waves has gained increasing attention as a viable component of sustainable energy strategies due to its high power potential and predictable availability. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of three primary categories of wave energy conversion systems: point absorbers, linear absorbers, and hybrid systems. Drawing upon more than 200 scientific publications, the study examines the operational principles, structural characteristics, performance indicators, and control methodologies associated with each class. Special emphasis is given to recent technological advances, including adaptive power take-off architectures, and multifunctional offshore platforms that integrate wave, wind, and aquaculture. A comparative evaluation highlights performance trade-offs, techno-economic considerations, and environmental implications, while a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis is employed to identify both barriers and growth prospects. The review concludes by outlining future research directions, particularly the need for real-time control, large-scale demonstration, and integrated multi-use concepts. This study aims to serve as a reference for academics, engineers, and policymakers in shaping the next generation of marine renewable energy technologies.