Coordinated optimization of electricity-hydrogen system considering hydrogen supply chain safety in urban traffic network

With the growing penetration of electric and hydrogen vehicles in urban areas, the integration of transportation networks, power distribution systems, and hydrogen supply chains faces increasing operational and safety challenges. This paper presents a coordinated optimization framework that simultaneously considers the urban transportation network (UTN), power distribution network (PDN), hydrogen production system (HPS), and hydrogen supply chain (HSC). A Mixed User Equilibrium–Traffic Assignment Model is first proposed to capture heterogeneous travel behaviors and energy demand patterns of gasoline, electric, and hydrogen vehicles. To enhance realism, the hydrogen supply chain is segmented to explicitly address vehicle routing with time-window and capacity constraints, while full life cycle safety considerations are embedded to mitigate risks in hydrogen production, storage, transportation, and utilization. By integrating these multi-network interactions, the framework achieves a balanced representation of economic costs, renewable energy utilization, and operational safety. Case studies based on the IEEE-33 bus system and a 20-node transportation network demonstrate that the proposed model effectively alleviates local load concentration at integral charging stations, improves the coordination between electricity and hydrogen systems, and reduces overall operating costs. Moreover, incorporating variable traffic flow into the optimization of hydrogen delivery routes enhances system resilience and safety with only marginal cost increases. These results confirm the practical value of the proposed methodology as a robust decision-making tool for sustainable urban energy–transport planning and the safe, large-scale deployment of hydrogen infrastructure.