Methodological framework for assessing the sustainability of electric passenger fleets: Application to the Egadi Archipelago

Maritime transport is essential for island communities but remains highly dependent on fossil fuels, posing significant economic and environmental risks, especially in ecologically sensitive regions. This study introduces a novel and adaptable methodology for the preliminary assessment of passenger fleet electrification, using the Egadi Archipelago (Italy) as a case study. A generalisable parametric model was developed to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility and environmental impact of converting the current fast-ferry fleet to battery-electric, hybrid electric-hydrogen, or pure hydrogen propulsion systems. The model estimates energy consumption, emissions, capital investment, and operational costs across long-term planning horizons up to 2050. Findings indicate that electrification can achieve CO2 reductions of 28 % with gray hydrogen and up to 65 % with green hydrogen, alongside operational cost savings between 40 % and 58 % depending on the energy source considered. The analysis also highlights the substantial renewable energy potential within the archipelago, supporting the goal of zero-impact electric fleet operation. This work offers valuable insights for policymakers, naval architects, and operators in advancing sustainable maritime transport in island and coastal regions.