IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v377y2025ipds0306261924021251.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Operation strategy and performance of thermal management system with dual-evaporation temperature for electric vehicles

Author

Listed:
  • Yu, Tianchan
  • Liu, Shurong
  • Li, Xianting
  • Shi, Wenxing

Abstract

The high thermal management energy consumption is a crucial reason for the severe driving range degradation of electric vehicles (EVs) at low temperatures. Currently, heat pumps and waste heat recovery technology have been widely used to improve the energy efficiency of thermal management systems and alleviate the driving range degradation of EVs in low-temperature environments. However, the conventional waste heat recovery heat pump, with the ambient air and waste heat as heat sources, operates at a single evaporation temperature, resulting in poor performance of the heat pump at low temperatures because the low-energy-grade ambient air source limits the recovery efficiency of the high-energy-grade waste heat. To address the issues, in this study, a thermal management system with dual-evaporation temperature for EVs, which can switch between the single-evaporation temperature and the dual-evaporation temperature modes to match the energy grade of the ambient air and waste heat sources, is proposed. A simulation model of the proposed system is established and validated. The appropriate compressor volume ratio, the heating performance under different operation modes, the energy-saving operation strategy adapted to different operating conditions, and the energy-saving and range extension effect of the proposed system are investigated. The results indicate that the heating energy consumption in dual-evaporation temperature mode can be reduced by 25.2 % and 9.5 % compared to that in single-air source mode and single-evaporation temperature mode, respectively, at −10 °C with waste heat of 1500 W. In Beijing, the proposed system and operation strategy can achieve an average heating energy saving of 14.2 % and an average driving range extension of 12.4 % under HWFET, compared with the conventional thermal management system without waste heat recovery.

Suggested Citation

  • Yu, Tianchan & Liu, Shurong & Li, Xianting & Shi, Wenxing, 2025. "Operation strategy and performance of thermal management system with dual-evaporation temperature for electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PD).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:377:y:2025:i:pd:s0306261924021251
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124742
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261924021251
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124742?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yu, Binbin & Long, Junan & Zhang, Yingjing & Ouyang, Hongsheng & Wang, Dandong & Shi, Junye & Chen, Jiangping, 2024. "Life cycle climate performance evaluation (LCCP) of electric vehicle heat pumps using low-GWP refrigerants towards China's carbon neutrality," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).
    2. Zhong, Zewei & Hu, Wuyang & Zhao, Xiaoli, 2024. "Rethinking electric vehicle smart charging and greenhouse gas emissions: Renewable energy growth, fuel switching, and efficiency improvement," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 361(C).
    3. Ahn, Jae Hwan & Kang, Hoon & Lee, Ho Seong & Jung, Hae Won & Baek, Changhyun & Kim, Yongchan, 2014. "Heating performance characteristics of a dual source heat pump using air and waste heat in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 1-9.
    4. Zhang, Zhenying & Wang, Jiayu & Feng, Xu & Chang, Li & Chen, Yanhua & Wang, Xingguo, 2018. "The solutions to electric vehicle air conditioning systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 443-463.
    5. Lee, Sangwook & Chung, Yoong & Kim, Sunjin & Jeong, Yeonwoo & Kim, Min Soo, 2023. "Predictive optimization method for the waste heat recovery strategy in an electric vehicle heat pump system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    6. Xingping Zhang & Jian Xie & Rao Rao & Yanni Liang, 2014. "Policy Incentives for the Adoption of Electric Vehicles across Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 6(11), pages 1-23, November.
    7. Wu, Yue & Huang, Zhiwu & Li, Dongjun & Li, Heng & Peng, Jun & Stroe, Daniel & Song, Ziyou, 2024. "Optimal battery thermal management for electric vehicles with battery degradation minimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).
    8. Alex Wray & Kambiz Ebrahimi, 2022. "Octovalve Thermal Management Control for Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-23, August.
    9. Al-Wreikat, Yazan & Serrano, Clara & Sodré, José Ricardo, 2022. "Effects of ambient temperature and trip characteristics on the energy consumption of an electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PC).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Gu, Yandong & Zhu, Qiyuan & Bian, Junjie & Wang, Qiliang & Cheng, Li, 2025. "Novel sealing design for high-speed coolant pumps: Impact on energy performance, axial thrust and flow field," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    2. Najmi, Aezid-Ul-Hassan & Wahab, Abdul & Prakash, Rohith & Schopen, Oliver & Esch, Thomas & Shabani, Bahman, 2025. "Thermal management of fuel cell-battery electric vehicles: Challenges and solutions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 387(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jung, Jongho & Jeon, Yongseok & Cho, Wonhee & Kim, Yongchan, 2020. "Effects of injection-port angle and internal heat exchanger length in vapor injection heat pumps for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    2. Sørensen, Åse Lekang & Ludvigsen, Bjørn & Andresen, Inger, 2023. "Grid-connected cabin preheating of Electric Vehicles in cold climates – A non-flexible share of the EV energy use," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    3. Fu, Jianqin & Li, Hao & Sun, Xilei & He, Tingpu & Zhang, Guanjie & Wei, Changhe, 2025. "Multi-physics simulation modeling and energy flow characterization of thermal management system for a sport utility vehicle under high-temperature conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 316(C).
    4. Zhang, Nan & Lu, Yiji & Ouderji, Zahra Hajabdollahi & Yu, Zhibin, 2023. "Review of heat pump integrated energy systems for future zero-emission vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    5. Lee, Sangwook & Chung, Yoong & Lee, Yoo Il & Jeong, Yeonwoo & Kim, Min Soo, 2023. "Battery thermal management strategy utilizing a secondary heat pump in electric vehicle under cold-start conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    6. Lee, Sangwook & Chung, Yoong & Kim, Sunjin & Jeong, Yeonwoo & Kim, Min Soo, 2023. "Predictive optimization method for the waste heat recovery strategy in an electric vehicle heat pump system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    7. Wu, Jiabin & Li, Qihang & Bie, Yiming & Zhou, Wei, 2024. "Location-routing optimization problem for electric vehicle charging stations in an uncertain transportation network: An adaptive co-evolutionary clustering algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    8. Yin, Boyi & Zhu, Wenjiang & Tang, Cheng & Wang, Can & Xu, Xinhai, 2025. "Hierarchical optimal scheduling of IES considering SOFC degradation, internal and external uncertainties," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 381(C).
    9. Daniel Rasbash & Kevin Joseph Dillman & Jukka Heinonen & Eyjólfur Ingi Ásgeirsson, 2023. "A National and Regional Greenhouse Gas Breakeven Assessment of EVs across North America," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-26, January.
    10. Cailou Jiang & Ying Zhang & Maoliang Bu & Weishu Liu, 2018. "The Effectiveness of Government Subsidies on Manufacturing Innovation: Evidence from the New Energy Vehicle Industry in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-11, May.
    11. Pei Chen & Mohamad Hisyam Selamat & See-Nie Lee, 2025. "The Impact of Policy Incentives on the Purchase of Electric Vehicles by Consumers in China’s First-Tier Cities: Moderate-Mediate Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-17, June.
    12. Guoqiang Zhang & Yanmei Xu & Juan Zhang, 2016. "Consumer-Oriented Policy towards Diffusion of Electric Vehicles: City-Level Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-16, December.
    13. Zhang, Zhenying & Wang, Jiayu & Feng, Xu & Chang, Li & Chen, Yanhua & Wang, Xingguo, 2018. "The solutions to electric vehicle air conditioning systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 443-463.
    14. Sun, Xilei & Fu, Jianqin, 2024. "Many-objective optimization of BEV design parameters based on gradient boosting decision tree models and the NSGA-III algorithm considering the ambient temperature," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    15. Wu, Chunxia & Sun, Yalong & Tang, Heng & Zhang, Shiwei & Yuan, Wei & Zhu, Likuan & Tang, Yong, 2024. "A review on the liquid cooling thermal management system of lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 375(C).
    16. Thanh Tung Ha & Thanh Chuong Nguyen & Sy Sua Tu & Minh Hieu Nguyen, 2023. "Investigation of Influential Factors of Intention to Adopt Electric Vehicles for Motorcyclists in Vietnam," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-16, May.
    17. Ivan Cvok & Igor Ratković & Joško Deur, 2020. "Optimisation of Control Input Allocation Maps for Electric Vehicle Heat Pump-based Cabin Heating Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-23, October.
    18. Zhang, Nan & Lu, Yiji & Kadam, Sambhaji & Yu, Zhibin, 2023. "A fuel cell range extender integrating with heat pump for cabin heat and power generation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    19. Bhattacharyya, Sankhadeep & Dinh, Quang Truong & McGordon, Andrew, 2025. "Optimising thermoelectric coolers for battery thermal management in light electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 386(C).
    20. Changhong Deng & Ning Liang & Jin Tan & Gongchen Wang, 2016. "Multi-Objective Scheduling of Electric Vehicles in Smart Distribution Network," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-15, November.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:377:y:2025:i:pd:s0306261924021251. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.