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Using discrete Bayesian networks for diagnosing and isolating cross-level faults in HVAC systems

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  • Chen, Yimin
  • Wen, Jin
  • Pradhan, Ojas
  • Lo, L. James
  • Wu, Teresa

Abstract

Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) technologies are critical to ensure satisfactory building performance, such as reducing energy wastes and negative impacts on occupant comfort and productivity. Existing FDD technologies mainly focus on component-level FDD solutions, which could lead to mis-diagnosis of cross-level faults in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. Cross-level faults are those faults that occur in one component or subsystem, but cause operational abnormalities in other components or subsystems, and result in a building level performance degradation. How to effectively diagnose the root cause of a cross-level fault is the focus of this study. This paper presents a novel discrete Bayesian Network (DisBN)-based method for diagnosing cross-level faults in an HVAC system commonly used in commercial buildings. A two-level DisBN structure model is developed in this study. The parameters used in the DisBN model are obtained either from expert knowledge or through machine-learning strategies from normal system operation data. Meanwhile, the probability parameters are discretized to incorporate the uncertainties associated with typical expert knowledge. Thus, the developed DisBN method addresses the challenges many other BN based FDD methods face, i.e., the lack of fault data for BN parameter training. The developed DisBN represents causal relationships between a fault and its cross-level system impacts (i.e., fault symptoms or fault indicators) by considering how fault impacts propagate across different levels in an HVAC system. A weather and schedule information-based Pattern Matching (WPM) method is employed to automatically create WPM baseline data sets for each incoming real time snapshot data from the building systems. Consequently, BN inference and real-time diagnostics are achieved by comparing incoming snapshot data and the WPM baseline data set. The proposed method is evaluated using experimental fault data collected in a campus building. Fault diagnosis results demonstrate that the WPM-DisBN method is effective at locating the root causes of cross-level faults in an HVAC system.

Suggested Citation

  • Chen, Yimin & Wen, Jin & Pradhan, Ojas & Lo, L. James & Wu, Teresa, 2022. "Using discrete Bayesian networks for diagnosing and isolating cross-level faults in HVAC systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 327(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:327:y:2022:i:c:s0306261922013071
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120050
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Liu, Zengkai & Liu, Yonghong & Zhang, Dawei & Cai, Baoping & Zheng, Chao, 2015. "Fault diagnosis for a solar assisted heat pump system under incomplete data and expert knowledge," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 41-48.
    2. Najafi, Massieh & Auslander, David M. & Bartlett, Peter L. & Haves, Philip & Sohn, Michael D., 2012. "Application of machine learning in the fault diagnostics of air handling units," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 347-358.
    3. Wang, Zhanwei & Wang, Zhiwei & He, Suowei & Gu, Xiaowei & Yan, Zeng Feng, 2017. "Fault detection and diagnosis of chillers using Bayesian network merged distance rejection and multi-source non-sensor information," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 200-214.
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    Cited by:

    1. Chen, Zhelun & O’Neill, Zheng & Wen, Jin & Pradhan, Ojas & Yang, Tao & Lu, Xing & Lin, Guanjing & Miyata, Shohei & Lee, Seungjae & Shen, Chou & Chiosa, Roberto & Piscitelli, Marco Savino & Capozzoli, , 2023. "A review of data-driven fault detection and diagnostics for building HVAC systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    2. Gao, Yuan & Miyata, Shohei & Akashi, Yasunori, 2023. "How to improve the application potential of deep learning model in HVAC fault diagnosis: Based on pruning and interpretable deep learning method," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).

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