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Bulk power transmission at sea: Life cycle cost comparison of electricity and hydrogen as energy vectors

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  • d'Amore-Domenech, Rafael
  • Leo, Teresa J.
  • Pollet, Bruno G.

Abstract

For the first time, a comparative economic study between hydrogen and electricity as energy vectors for bulk power transmission at sea was performed. The objective of this study is to seek the break-even distance for which the hydrogen transport alternatives become inexpensive than electricity under different electricity prices e.g., 20 USD/MWh (5.6 USD/GJ), 40 USD/MWh (11.1 USD/GJ) and 60 USD/MWh (16.7 USD/GJ). Four different scenarios were explored. The first two scenarios evaluated the power transmission of 2 GW between two shores separated by either shallow or deep waters. Whilst the remaining two scenarios analysed the power transmission of 600 MW between an offshore platform, close to an offshore wind farm, and its hinterland, in shallow and deep waters. For bulk power transmission of electricity, the use of a high voltage direct current through submarine cables was studied. In the case of hydrogen, two transport alternatives were evaluated: hydrogen transported through pipelines and by ships in liquefied and compressed states. The findings of this study indicate that for a 2 GW power transmission and distances slightly over 1000 km in deep waters, the hydrogen transported through pipelines is cheaper than electricity, even when the electricity prices are low. Overall, among the hydrogen transport alternatives, the best solution is to transport liquefied hydrogen by ship.

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  • d'Amore-Domenech, Rafael & Leo, Teresa J. & Pollet, Bruno G., 2021. "Bulk power transmission at sea: Life cycle cost comparison of electricity and hydrogen as energy vectors," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:288:y:2021:i:c:s0306261921001604
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116625
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    1. d'Amore-Domenech, Rafael & Meca, Vladimir L. & Pollet, Bruno G. & Leo, Teresa J., 2023. "On the bulk transport of green hydrogen at sea: Comparison between submarine pipeline and compressed and liquefied transport by ship," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    2. Goran Durakovic & Pedro Crespo del Granado & Asgeir Tomasgard, 2022. "Powering Europe with North Sea Offshore Wind: The Impact of Hydrogen Investments on Grid Infrastructure and Power Prices," Papers 2209.10389, arXiv.org.
    3. Chen, Xiaoyuan & Jiang, Shan & Chen, Yu & Zou, Zhice & Shen, Boyang & Lei, Yi & Zhang, Donghui & Zhang, Mingshun & Gou, Huayu, 2022. "Energy-saving superconducting power delivery from renewable energy source to a 100-MW-class data center," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    4. Ibrahim, Omar S. & Singlitico, Alessandro & Proskovics, Roberts & McDonagh, Shane & Desmond, Cian & Murphy, Jerry D., 2022. "Dedicated large-scale floating offshore wind to hydrogen: Assessing design variables in proposed typologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    5. Shen, Xiaojun & Li, Xingyi & Yuan, Jiahai & Jin, Yu, 2022. "A hydrogen-based zero-carbon microgrid demonstration in renewable-rich remote areas: System design and economic feasibility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    6. Durakovic, Goran & del Granado, Pedro Crespo & Tomasgard, Asgeir, 2023. "Powering Europe with North Sea offshore wind: The impact of hydrogen investments on grid infrastructure and power prices," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PA).
    7. Acaroğlu, Hakan & García Márquez, Fausto Pedro, 2022. "High voltage direct current systems through submarine cables for offshore wind farms: A life-cycle cost analysis with voltage source converters for bulk power transmission," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    8. Burke, Paul J. & Beck, Fiona J. & Aisbett, Emma & Baldwin, Kenneth G.H. & Stocks, Matthew & Pye, John & Venkataraman, Mahesh & Hunt, Janet & Bai, Xuemei, 2022. "Contributing to regional decarbonization: Australia's potential to supply zero-carbon commodities to the Asia-Pacific," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).

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