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Investigating the impact of ageing and thermal management of a fuel cell system on energy management strategies

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  • Kandidayeni, M.
  • Macias, A.
  • Boulon, L.
  • Kelouwani, S.

Abstract

This paper studies the impact of two significant aspects, namely fuel cell (FC) degradation and thermal management, over the performance of an optimal and a rule-based energy management strategy (EMS) in a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV). To do so, firstly, a vehicle's model is developed in simulation environment for a low-speed FCHEV composed of a FC stack and a battery pack. Subsequently, deterministic dynamic programming (DP), as an optimal strategy, and bounded load following strategy (BLFS), as a common rule-based strategy, are utilized to minimize the hydrogen consumption while respecting the operating constraints of the power sources. The performance of the EMSs is assessed at different scenarios. The first objective is to clarify the effect of FC stack degradation on the performance of the vehicle. In this regard, each EMS determines the required current from the FC stack for two FCs with different levels of degradation. The second objective is to evaluate the thermal management contribution to improving the performance of the new FC compared to the considered cases in scenario one. In this respect, each strategy deals with determining two control variables (FC current and cooling fan duty cycle). The results of this study indicate that negligence of adapting to the PEMFC health state, as the PEMFC gets aged, can increase the hydrogen consumption up to 24.8% in DP and 12.1% in BLFS. Moreover, the integration of temperature dimension into the EMS can diminish the hydrogen consumption by 4.1% and 5.3% in DP and BLFS respectively.

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  • Kandidayeni, M. & Macias, A. & Boulon, L. & Kelouwani, S., 2020. "Investigating the impact of ageing and thermal management of a fuel cell system on energy management strategies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:274:y:2020:i:c:s0306261920308059
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115293
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    1. Yue, Meiling & Jemei, Samir & Zerhouni, Noureddine & Gouriveau, Rafael, 2021. "Proton exchange membrane fuel cell system prognostics and decision-making: Current status and perspectives," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 2277-2294.
    2. Lü, Xueqin & Meng, Ruidong & Deng, Ruiyu & Long, Liyuan & Wu, Yinbo, 2022. "Energy economy optimization and comprehensive performance improvement for PEMFC/LIB hybrid system based on hierarchical optimization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 1132-1149.
    3. Daeichian, Abolghasem & Ghaderi, Razieh & Kandidayeni, Mohsen & Soleymani, Mehdi & Trovão, João P. & Boulon, Loïc, 2021. "Online characteristics estimation of a fuel cell stack through covariance intersection data fusion," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    4. Deng, Bo & Huang, Wentao & Jian, Qifei, 2023. "An open-cathode PEMFC efficiency optimization strategy based on exergy analysis and data-driven modeling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    5. Song, Zhen & Pan, Yue & Chen, Huicui & Zhang, Tong, 2021. "Effects of temperature on the performance of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    6. Peng, Hujun & Chen, Zhu & Li, Jianxiang & Deng, Kai & Dirkes, Steffen & Gottschalk, Jonas & Ünlübayir, Cem & Thul, Andreas & Löwenstein, Lars & Pischinger, Stefan & Hameyer, Kay, 2021. "Offline optimal energy management strategies considering high dynamics in batteries and constraints on fuel cell system power rate: From analytical derivation to validation on test bench," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(PA).
    7. Jinquan, Guo & Hongwen, He & Jianwei, Li & Qingwu, Liu, 2022. "Driving information process system-based real-time energy management for the fuel cell bus to minimize fuel cell engine aging and energy consumption," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    8. Iqbal, Mehroze & Becherif, Mohamed & Ramadan, Haitham S. & Badji, Abderrezak, 2021. "Dual-layer approach for systematic sizing and online energy management of fuel cell hybrid vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    9. Dapeng Gong & Sichuan Xu & Yuan Gao, 2023. "Investigation of Water and Heat Transfer Mechanism in PEMFCs Based on a Two-Phase Non-Isothermal Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-20, January.
    10. Chen, Shuang & Hu, Minghui & Guo, Shanqi, 2023. "Fast dynamic-programming algorithm for solving global optimization problems of hybrid electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    11. Anselma, Pier Giuseppe & Belingardi, Giovanni, 2022. "Fuel cell electrified propulsion systems for long-haul heavy-duty trucks: present and future cost-oriented sizing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).

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