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Nexuses between Food, Energy, and Water Consumption on Urban-Rural Income Gap in South-Eastern Asian Countries Using Difference in Difference in Modelling Technique

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  • Khambai Khamjalas

    (School of Economics and Trade, Hunan University, Yuelu District, Changsha 410006, P.R. China)

Abstract

South Asian countries are still battling hunger and poverty, especially in rural areas. Empirical evidence attributes the urban-rural income gap to inadequate infrastructure, such as electricity and water supply. This article uses a difference-in-difference model to examine how emerging trends in Food, Energy, and Water (FEW) resources influence the urban-rural income gap. Using data from 2000 to 2019 from China, Indonesia, and India, the results showed that high food insecurity increases income inequality, whereas electricity supply significantly reduces the income gap. Thus, Asians should ensure a sustainable and equitable distribution of FEW resources to improve agricultural productivity and create jobs.

Suggested Citation

  • Khambai Khamjalas, 2024. "Nexuses between Food, Energy, and Water Consumption on Urban-Rural Income Gap in South-Eastern Asian Countries Using Difference in Difference in Modelling Technique," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 14(2), pages 186-195, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:eco:journ1:2024-02-19
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Sri Hasnawati & Mustofa Usman & Faiz AM Elfaki & Ahmad Faisol & Edwin Russel, 2024. "Modeling the Relationship between Life Expectancy, Population Growth, Carbon Dioxide Emission, and GDP Growth in Indonesia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(4), pages 484-500, July.
    2. Tolkyn Kakizhanova & Asel Sagynbay & Shynggys Nurgazy & Gulmira Andabayeva & Galiya Dauliyeva, 2024. "Impact of Energy Consumption and Food Security on Income Inequality: NARDL Approach from Kazakhstan," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(6), pages 184-194, November.
    3. Ali Yusuf Hassan & Mohamed Abdukadir Mohamed & Mohamed Abdirahman Ahmed & Mahad Abdiwali Mohamed & Bashir Mohamed Osman, 2024. "Toward Environmental Sustainability: The Nexus between Agriculture, Renewable Energy, and Economic Growth in Mitigating CO2 Emissions in Somalia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(6), pages 127-135, November.

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • Q11 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture - - - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices
    • Q41 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Demand and Supply; Prices
    • Q25 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Renewable Resources and Conservation - - - Water

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