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Fertility differences across immigrant generations in the United Kingdom

Author

Listed:
  • Jiseon Baek

    (University of St Andrews)

  • Francesca Fiori

    (University of Strathclyde)

  • Hill Kulu

    (University of St Andrews)

  • Sarah Christison

    (University of St Andrews)

Abstract

Background: Previous studies have investigated immigrant fertility in various European countries, but only a few have compared the fertility rates of women who migrated as children (1.5 Generation), women born in the host society to foreign-born parents (2 Generation), and women born in the host society with one foreign-born and one native-born parent (2.5 Generation). Objective: This study examines the first-, second-, and third-birth rates of three migrant generation groups in the United Kingdom – 1.5G, 2G, and 2.5G. The study investigates the role of sociocultural factors in shaping their fertility behaviour. Methods: Event history analysis is applied to longitudinal individual-level data (N = 24,228) from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (2009–2021). Results: Pakistani and Bangladeshi women who arrived in the United Kingdom as children exhibit elevated fertility at all birth orders, partly consistent with socialization theory. No clear convergence emerges among women born in the United Kingdom with one immigrant parent and one UK-born parent (2.5G) across all groups from different migrant-origin backgrounds. Instead, certain 2.5G groups show distinct fertility patterns. The influence of sociocultural factors on fertility varies by birth order and migrant generation, highlighting the need for a detailed approach that considers both cultural and socioeconomic dimensions. Contribution: This study is one of the first to differentiate the fertility behaviours of 1.5G, 2G, and 2.5G women in the United Kingdom. It reveals important variations in childbearing behaviour, which have implications for understanding intergenerational differences and the influence of sociocultural factors on migrant fertility.

Suggested Citation

  • Jiseon Baek & Francesca Fiori & Hill Kulu & Sarah Christison, 2025. "Fertility differences across immigrant generations in the United Kingdom," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 52(33), pages 1051-1096.
    • Handle: RePEc:dem:demres:v:52:y:2025:i:33
    DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2025.52.33
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    JEL classification:

    • J1 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics
    • Z0 - Other Special Topics - - General

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