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The Evolution of Futures and Options Markets: From Agricultural Roots to High-Frequency Trading

Author

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  • Mr. Harsh Verma

    (Galgotias University, India)

Abstract

The evolution of futures and options markets from simple agricultural hedging tools to complex financial instruments has been marked by significant technological advancements, particularly the advent of electronic trading and high-frequency trading (HFT). This paper traces the development of these markets, highlighting key milestones and innovations that have shaped their current form. High-frequency trading, while enhancing liquidity and reducing transaction costs, has also introduced significant challenges, including increased market volatility, the potential for market manipulation, and systemic risks, as seen in events like the 2010 Flash Crash. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal and regulatory frameworks governing futures and options markets, with a focus on both Indian and international contexts. It examines the effectiveness of existing regulations in addressing the challenges posed by modern trading practices and explores the need for continuous adaptation in regulatory approaches. Through a detailed review of relevant case laws, statutory provisions, and scholarly literature, the paper identifies gaps in current regulatory practices and proposes recommendations to enhance market transparency, fairness, and stability. The study concludes that while the evolution of futures and options markets has brought undeniable benefits in terms of efficiency and risk management, these markets must be carefully regulated to mitigate the risks associated with high-frequency and algorithmic trading. Adaptive regulatory frameworks, enhanced transparency measures, and international cooperation are essential for ensuring that these markets continue to contribute positively to the global financial system.

Suggested Citation

  • Mr. Harsh Verma, 2024. "The Evolution of Futures and Options Markets: From Agricultural Roots to High-Frequency Trading," African Journal of Commercial Studies, African Journal of Commercial Studies, vol. 5(2).
    • Handle: RePEc:cwk:ajocsk:2024-39
    DOI: 10.59413/ajocs/v5.i.2.5
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Leland L. Johnson, 1960. "The Theory of Hedging and Speculation in Commodity Futures," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 27(3), pages 139-151.
    2. Andrei A. Kirilenko & Andrew W. Lo, 2013. "Moore's Law versus Murphy's Law: Algorithmic Trading and Its Discontents," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 27(2), pages 51-72, Spring.
    3. Black, Fischer & Scholes, Myron S, 1973. "The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 81(3), pages 637-654, May-June.
    4. Menkveld, Albert J., 2013. "High frequency trading and the new market makers," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 16(4), pages 712-740.
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