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Life Expectancies for Small Areas: A Bayesian Random Effects Methodology

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  • Peter Congdon

Abstract

Monitoring small area contrasts in life expectancy is important for health policy purposes but subject to difficulties under conventional life table analysis. Additionally, the implicit model underlying conventional life table analysis involves a highly parametrized fixed effect approach. An alternative strategy proposed here involves an explicit model based on random effects for both small areas and age groups. The area effects are assumed to be spatially correlated, reflecting unknown mortality risk factors that are themselves typically spatially correlated. Often mortality observations are disaggregated by demographic category as well as by age and area, e.g. by gender or ethnic group, and multivariate area and age random effects will be used to pool over such groups. A case study considers variations in life expectancy in 1 118 small areas (known as wards) in Eastern England over a five‐year period 1999–2003. The case study deaths data are classified by gender, age, and area, and a bivariate model for area and age effects is therefore applied. The interrelationship between the random area effects and two major influences on small area life expectancy is demonstrated in the study, these being area socio‐economic status (or deprivation) and the location of nursing and residential homes for frail elderly. Le suivi des contrastes d'espérance de vie entre petites régions est important pour les politiques de santé mais l'analyse en est difficile avec les tables de vie conventionnelles. De plus le modèle implicite qui sous‐tend l'analyse conventionnelle des tables de vie inclut une approche d'effet fixe fortement paramétrée. On propose ici une stratégie alternative qui comprend un modèle explicite basé sur des effets aléatoires pour des petites zones ainsi que des groupes d'âge. Les effets de zone sont supposés être corrélés spatialement, reflétant des facteurs de risque de mortalité inconnus, eux‐mêmes corrélés spatialement. Les observations de mortalité sont souvent désagrégées par catégorie démographique de même que par âge et région, par sexe ou groupe ethnique, et les effets aléatoires multivariés de région et d'âge seront utilisés pour mettre en commun de tels groupes. Une étude de cas considère les variations d'espérance de vie dans 1118 petites zones (connues comme unités/circonscriptions) en Angleterre orientale sur une période de cinq ans 1999–2003. Les données de mortalité de l'étude de cas sont classées par sexe, âge et zone, et un modèle bivarié pour les effets de zone et d'âge est appliqué. L'interrelation entre les effets aléatoires de zone et deux influences majeures sur l'espérance de vie dans une petite zone sont démontrée dans l'étude: ce sont le statut socioéconomique de la zone et la localization des soins (infirmières) et des résidences pour personnes âgées en situation précaire.

Suggested Citation

  • Peter Congdon, 2009. "Life Expectancies for Small Areas: A Bayesian Random Effects Methodology," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 77(2), pages 222-240, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:istatr:v:77:y:2009:i:2:p:222-240
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-5823.2009.00080.x
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    1. Carl P. Schmertmann & Marcos R. Gonzaga, 2018. "Bayesian Estimation of Age-Specific Mortality and Life Expectancy for Small Areas With Defective Vital Records," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 55(4), pages 1363-1388, August.
    2. Bernard Baffour & James Raymer, 2019. "Estimating multiregional survivorship probabilities for sparse data: An application to immigrant populations in Australia, 1981–2011," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 40(18), pages 463-502.
    3. Monica Alexander & Emilio Zagheni & Magali Barbieri, 2017. "A Flexible Bayesian Model for Estimating Subnational Mortality," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 54(6), pages 2025-2041, December.
    4. Tom Wilson & Irina Grossman & Monica Alexander & Phil Rees & Jeromey Temple, 2022. "Methods for Small Area Population Forecasts: State-of-the-Art and Research Needs," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 41(3), pages 865-898, June.

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