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The Consequences of the Creative Class: The Pursuit of Creativity Strategies in Australia's Cities

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  • ROWLAND ATKINSON
  • HAZEL EASTHOPE

Abstract

The idea of ‘creative cities’ has gained prominence amongst urban planners and policymakers who often now find links between economic development and the ‘soft’ attributes of cities. While definitions of the ‘creative industries’ and the ‘creative class’ continue to be contested, many key urban policy actors continue to focus on developing strategic programmes and policies to boost ‘creativity’ and economic growth. In this article we review recent attempts to implement creative city ideas across five Australian state capitals. Following the analysis of interview material derived from contact with 100 key community and policymaker actors, we first develop a typology of approaches to creative city ideas: concerted action, engagement and strategic drift. We then move on to consider how the idea of the creative city provides a simultaneously criticized yet powerful organizing device that informs local strategies in relation to prosperity. Our analysis highlights a series of connected consequences around four key issues: (1) arts projects and gentrification; (2) housing affordability; (3) revanchist strands to public space management; and (4) relative rates of social investment. We find that the rhetoric of universal social potential accompanying creative city ideas continues to overlook those unable to participate in this new economy, as well as those who are more actively excluded. Résumé Le concept des ‘villes créatives’ se fait plus présent auprès des urbanistes et des décideurs politiques qui, désormais, découvrent souvent des liens entre développement économique et attributs ‘non quantifiables’ des villes. Si les définitions des “industries créatives” et de la ‘classe créative’ restent contestées, nombre d'acteurs clés de la politique urbaine continuent à privilégier l'élaboration de programmes stratégiques et de politiques publiques dans le but de stimuler ‘créativité’ et croissance économique. Cet article passe en revue de récentes tentatives de mise en oeuvre d'idées propres aux ‘villes créatives’ dans cinq capitales d'États australiens. Suite à l'analyse d'entretiens tirés de contacts auprès d'une centaine de communautés et décideurs politiques prépondérants, les auteurs ont d'abord conçu une typologie des approches des idées liées aux villes créatives : action concertée, engagement et mouvement stratégique. Est ensuite étudié comment le concept de ville créative procure un outil d'organisation à la fois critiqué et solide qui éclaire les stratégies locales par rapport à la prospérité. Une série de conséquences connexes est mise en évidence autour de quatre enjeux essentiels : projets artistiques et gentrification; accessibilité financière au logement; tendances revanchistes à la gestion de l'espace public; et cadences relatives de l'investissement social. Il en ressort que le discours sur le potentiel social universel associé aux idées de ville créative néglige toujours ceux qui ne sont pas en mesure de prendre part à cette nouvelle économie, ainsi que ceux qui sont plus activement exclus.

Suggested Citation

  • Rowland Atkinson & Hazel Easthope, 2009. "The Consequences of the Creative Class: The Pursuit of Creativity Strategies in Australia's Cities," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(1), pages 64-79, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:33:y:2009:i:1:p:64-79
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00837.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hans Mommaas, 2004. "Cultural Clusters and the Post-industrial City: Towards the Remapping of Urban Cultural Policy," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 41(3), pages 507-532, March.
    2. Sako Musterd & Rinus Deurloo, 2006. "Amsterdam And The Preconditions For A Creative Knowledge City," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG, vol. 97(1), pages 80-94, February.
    3. Jamie Peck, 2005. "Struggling with the Creative Class," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(4), pages 740-770, December.
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    1. Richard Florida & Charlotta Mellander & Patrick Adler, 2011. "The Creative Class Paradigm," Chapters, in: David Emanuel Andersson & Åke E. Andersson & Charlotta Mellander (ed.), Handbook of Creative Cities, chapter 3, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    2. Emanuela Marrocu & Raffaele Paci, 2011. "Education or just Creativity: what matters most for economic performance?," ERSA conference papers ersa11p199, European Regional Science Association.
    3. Carl Grodach, 2013. "Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(5), pages 1747-1765, September.
    4. Mike Raco & Jamie Kesten, 2018. "The politicisation of diversity planning in a global city: Lessons from London," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 55(4), pages 891-916, March.
    5. Arwiphawee Srithongrung & Patricia Byrnes, 2019. "The Causal Linkages Among Arts, Knowledge Employment, and Local Economic Performance," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 33(4), pages 296-315, November.
    6. Roberto Antonietti, 2011. "From creativity to innovativeness: micro evidence from Italy," Openloc Working Papers 1117, Public policies and local development.
    7. Anttiroiko, Ari-Veikko, 2010. "Creative city concept in local economic development: the case of Finnish cities," MPRA Paper 58231, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2010.
    8. Alberto Vanolo, 2013. "Alternative Capitalism and Creative Economy: the Case of Christiania," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(5), pages 1785-1798, September.
    9. Pierluigi Sacco & Guido Ferilli & Giorgio Tavano Blessi, 2014. "Understanding culture-led local development: A critique of alternative theoretical explanations," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 51(13), pages 2806-2821, October.
    10. Chung-Shing Chan, 2023. "From the perspective of local brand equity, how do citizens perceive green, creative and smart brand potential of future Hong Kong?," Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 19(4), pages 500-513, December.
    11. Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko, 2014. "Creative city policy in the context of urban asymmetry," Local Economy, London South Bank University, vol. 29(8), pages 854-867, December.
    12. Pier Luigi Sacco & Guido Ferilli & Blessi Giorgio Tavano, 2012. "Sviluppo locale a base culturale: quando funziona e perch?? Alla ricerca di un framework di riferimento," PRISMA Economia - Societ? - Lavoro, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2012(1), pages 9-27.
    13. Gutierrez-Posada, Diana & Kitsos, Tasos & Nathan, Max & Nuccio, Massimiliano, 2021. "Do Creative Industries Generate Multiplier Effects? Evidence from UK Cities, 1997-2018," SocArXiv xs8zg, Center for Open Science.
    14. Joanna Woronkowicz & Douglas S. Noonan, 2019. "Who Goes Freelance? The Determinants of Self-Employment for Artists," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 43(4), pages 651-672, July.
    15. Pier Luigi Sacco & Alessandro Crociata, 2013. "A Conceptual Regulatory Framework for the Design and Evaluation of Complex, Participative Cultural Planning Strategies," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(5), pages 1688-1706, September.

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