IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/coecpo/v37y2019i2p245-260.html

Multiple Ownership, Collusion And Unusual Result Patterns In Soccer

Author

Listed:
  • Tomislav Globan
  • Ed Jägers

Abstract

Expanding on the literature on antitrust, multiple ownership, and collusion in sports, this paper finds a very unusual result pattern between two clubs competing in the Croatian soccer league—Lokomotiva and Dinamo Zagreb. Their close sporting and business relationship has raised many questions about the possible collusion between them, potentially affecting the integrity of the competition. We analyze all matchups in the competition's 25‐year history to single out those characterized by biggest under‐ and overperformances by competing clubs. Our findings provide some support to the allegations of a possible collusion between the clubs as Lokomotiva's underperformance against Dinamo is so far in the tail of normal distribution that it has a lower occurrence probability than a random person being hit by lightning. (JEL Z29, K21, L83).

Suggested Citation

  • Tomislav Globan & Ed Jägers, 2019. "Multiple Ownership, Collusion And Unusual Result Patterns In Soccer," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 37(2), pages 245-260, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:coecpo:v:37:y:2019:i:2:p:245-260
    DOI: 10.1111/coep.12286
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12286
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/coep.12286?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. José Azar & Martin C. Schmalz & Isabel Tecu, 2018. "Anticompetitive Effects of Common Ownership," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 73(4), pages 1513-1565, August.
    2. Oliver Budzinski, 2011. "The Institutional Framework for Doing Sports Business: Principles of EU Competition Policy in Sports Markets," Working Papers 108/11, University of Southern Denmark, Department of Sociology, Environmental and Business Economics.
    3. David Gilo & Yossi Moshe & Yossi Spiegel, 2006. "Partial cross ownership and tacit collusion," RAND Journal of Economics, RAND Corporation, vol. 37(1), pages 81-99, March.
    4. Oliver Budzinski & Anika Müller‐Kock, 2018. "Is The Revenue Allocation Scheme Of Formula One Motor Racing A Case For European Competition Policy?," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 36(1), pages 215-233, January.
    5. Moul, Charles C. & Nye, John V.C., 2009. "Did the Soviets collude? A statistical analysis of championship chess 1940-1978," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 70(1-2), pages 10-21, May.
    6. Justin Wolfers, 2006. "Point Shaving: Corruption in NCAA Basketball," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 96(2), pages 279-283, May.
    7. Mark Duggan & Steven D. Levitt, 2002. "Winning Isn't Everything: Corruption in Sumo Wrestling," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 92(5), pages 1594-1605, December.
    8. David Gilo & Yossi Moshe & Yossi Spiegel, 2006. "Partial Cross Ownership and Tacit Collusion," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 37(1), pages 81-99, Spring.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Liu, Xutang & Boubaker, Sabri & Liao, Jing & Yao, Shouyu, 2025. "The rise of common state ownership and corporate environmental performance," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 57(5).
    2. Hariskos, W. & Königstein, M. & Papadopoulos, K.G., 2022. "Anti-competitive effects of partial cross-ownership: Experimental evidence," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 399-409.
    3. Shy, Oz & Stenbacka, Rune, 2019. "An OLG model of common ownership: Effects on consumption and investments," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    4. Zormpas, Dimitrios & Ruble, Richard, 2021. "The dynamics of preemptive and follower investments with overlapping ownership," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    5. Cao, Zhigang & Li, Guopeng & Shen, Sixian & Zhu, Feng, 2025. "Potentials in quadratic Cournot cross-holding games," Journal of Mathematical Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    6. Chen, Zhiqi & Ross, Thomas W., 2020. "Buffer joint ventures," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    7. Kangsik Choi, 2026. "Cross-ownership and endogenous managerial delegation in Bertrand competition," Journal of Economics, Springer, vol. 147(1), pages 1-22, March.
    8. Ruichang Lu & Qiaowei Shen & Tenghui Wang & Xiaojun Zhang, 2022. "Frenemies: Corporate Advertising Under Common Ownership," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(6), pages 4645-4669, June.
    9. Yi Liu & Toshihiro Matsumura, 2024. "Welfare effects of common ownership in an international duopoly," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 57(2), pages 459-477, May.
    10. Hamid Beladi & Chi‐Chur Chao & Kuo‐Hsuan Chin, 2024. "Cross‐ownership, business dynamism, and wage inequality in general equilibrium," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 71(4), pages 570-587, September.
    11. Yang, He, 2025. "The role of common ownership in shaping ESG rating uncertainty: A collaborative governance perspective across time horizons," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    12. Zhou, Wei & Liu, Baohua & Chen, Tao & Chen, Yining, 2025. "Institutional investors' cross-ownership and internal control quality," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
    13. Melissa Newham & Jo Seldeslachts & Albert Banal-Estañol, 2025. "Common Ownership and Market Entry: Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry," American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 17(4), pages 260-327, November.
    14. Liu, Yi & Matsumura, Toshihiro, 2024. "Payoff interdependence and welfare-improving location diversification," MPRA Paper 120495, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Park, Haerang & Oh, Byungmin, 2022. "Common ownership and bank stability: Evidence from the U.S. banking industry," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    16. Li, Youping & Zhang, Jianhu, 2021. "Product positioning with overlapping ownership," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    17. Xingtang Wang & Leonard F. S. Wang & Huizhong Liu, 2024. "Cross-ownership and managerial delegation under vertical product differentiation," Journal of Economics, Springer, vol. 143(2), pages 161-181, October.
    18. Koch, Andrew & Panayides, Marios & Thomas, Shawn, 2021. "Common ownership and competition in product markets," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 139(1), pages 109-137.
    19. Yan Yan & Yi Li, 2026. "Partial Passive Ownership Holdings and Divisionalization," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 68(1), pages 55-69, January.
    20. Yossi Aviv & Noam Shamir, 2021. "Financial Cross-Ownership and Information Dissemination in a Supply Chain," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 23(6), pages 1524-1538, November.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • Z29 - Other Special Topics - - Sports Economics - - - Other
    • K21 - Law and Economics - - Regulation and Business Law - - - Antitrust Law
    • L83 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Services - - - Sports; Gambling; Restaurants; Recreation; Tourism

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:coecpo:v:37:y:2019:i:2:p:245-260. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/weaaaea.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.