A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Linkages Between Environmental Degradation and Poverty

Environmental degradation and poverty are deeply interlinked, forming a self-reinforcing cycle that undermines sustainable development. This study proposes a conceptual framework to explain the bidirectional relationship between these phenomena, drawing on a mixed-methods approach that integrates quantitative analysis of poverty and environmental indicators with qualitative stakeholder insights. The findings reveal that environmental degradation—through deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution, and biodiversity loss—reduces livelihood security, exacerbates inequality, and weakens adaptive capacity. Conversely, poverty drives unsustainable resource use as communities prioritize short-term survival over long-term ecological sustainability. The proposed framework integrates economic, ecological, and social dimensions of this nexus, providing a holistic basis for intervention design. Policy recommendations emphasize integrated governance, nature-based solutions, climate-resilient social protection, equitable land tenure, ecosystem service valuation, community-based management, and strengthened regional cooperation. This framework serves both as a theoretical tool and as a practical guide for aligning poverty reduction with environmental sustainability.