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Economic complexity and income inequality: New evidence of a nonlinear effect

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  • Canh Phuc Nguyen
  • Binh Quang Nguyen
  • Duyen Thuy Le Tran

Abstract

Intro The literature indicates that economic complexity (the geography of economic activities) is an important explanatory factor in income inequality; however, empirical evidence is still inconclusive. This study addresses this gap by considering the nonlinear influence of economic complexity on income inequality. Methods Panel quantile regression with fixed effects is applied for a global sample of 121 countries from 1995 to 2018, showing robust findings. Results Economic complexity appears to have an inverted‐U‐shaped effect on income inequality. That is, economic complexity likely increases income inequality up to a threshold, beyond which economic complexity helps to reduce income inequality. This inverted‐U‐shaped effect is found consistently in low‐income, lower‐middle‐income, and upper‐middle‐income countries, while the opposite effect is found in high‐income countries. Evidence of an inverted‐U‐shaped effect is also documented in most regions except the Middle East & North Africa and South Asia. Interestingly, the study finds that improvements in economic complexity appear to have U‐shaped effects on the income share of the bottom earners and inverted‐U‐shaped effects on the income share of the top earners. Conclusion These effects explain the inverted‐U‐shaped effect of economic complexity on income inequality. The results are robust across different quantiles, proxies of income inequality, and various control variables

Suggested Citation

  • Canh Phuc Nguyen & Binh Quang Nguyen & Duyen Thuy Le Tran, 2023. "Economic complexity and income inequality: New evidence of a nonlinear effect," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 104(4), pages 829-868, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:socsci:v:104:y:2023:i:4:p:829-868
    DOI: 10.1111/ssqu.13281
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Quinten De Wettinck & Karolien De Bruyne & Wouter Bam & C'esar A. Hidalgo, 2025. "Economic Complexity Alignment and Sustainable Development," Papers 2509.17919, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2025.

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