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Impact of international emission reduction on energy and forestry sector of Indonesia

Author

Listed:
  • Armi Susandi
  • Richard S.J. Tol

    (Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin)

Abstract

We extended the MERGE model to develop a set of energy projections for a reference and various mitigation scenarios to the year 2100. We included coal as a tradable good. In Indonesia, oil imports will increase while coal exports will decrease. If the OECD countries reduce their emissions, oil price would fall, Indonesia would import more oil but less gas and its per capita income would fall slightly. With international trade in emission permits, Indonesian energy development is similar to the earlier scenario, but Indonesia would gain some income. If all countries reduce their emissions, Indonesia would export more coal and would substitute coal by gas and carbon free technologies in energy consumption. If Indonesian commits to emissions reduction, per capita income would slightly fall. Population and economic growth are the driving forces of deforestation. In the reference scenario, deforestation increase by 60% in 2020 relative to today, indicating that Indonesia has large potential to mitigate emissions in the forestry sector. International climate policy would slightly increase the deforestation rate, mainly because of more rapid economic growth. Indonesia would gain from the sale of emission permits from reduced deforestation.

Suggested Citation

  • Armi Susandi & Richard S.J. Tol, 2004. "Impact of international emission reduction on energy and forestry sector of Indonesia," Working Papers FNU-53, Research unit Sustainability and Global Change, Hamburg University, revised Nov 2004.
    • Handle: RePEc:sgc:wpaper:53
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Manne, Alan & Mendelsohn, Robert & Richels, Richard, 1995. "MERGE : A model for evaluating regional and global effects of GHG reduction policies," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 17-34, January.
    2. Rizaldi Boer, 2001. "Economic Assessment of Mitigation Options for Enhancing and Maintaining Carbon Sink Capacity in Indonesia," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 6(3), pages 257-290, September.
    3. Alan Manne & Richard Richels, 1992. "Buying Greenhouse Insurance: The Economic Costs of CO2 Emission Limits," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 026213280x, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Katrin Rehdanz & David Maddison, 2009. "The amenity value of climate to households in Germany," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 61(1), pages 150-167, January.
    2. Rehdanz, Katrin & Tol, Richard S.J. & Wetzel, Patrick, 2006. "Ocean carbon sinks and international climate policy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(18), pages 3516-3526, December.
    3. Christine Schleupner & P. Michael Link, 2008. "Eiderstedt im Spannungsfeld zwischen Naturschutz- und Agrarpolitik - Entwicklung eines methodischen Ansatzes für ein nachhaltiges Ressourcenmanagement," Working Papers FNU-168, Research unit Sustainability and Global Change, Hamburg University, revised Aug 2008.
    4. Tol, Richard S.J., 2007. "Europe's long-term climate target: A critical evaluation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 424-432, January.
    5. Richard S.J. Tol, 2006. "Integrated Assessment Modelling," Working Papers FNU-102, Research unit Sustainability and Global Change, Hamburg University, revised May 2006.
    6. P. Michael Link & C. Ivie Ramos & Uwe A. Schneider & Erwin Schmid & J. Balkovic & R. Skalsky, 2008. "The interdependencies between food and biofuel production in European agriculture - an application of EUFASOM," Working Papers FNU-165, Research unit Sustainability and Global Change, Hamburg University, revised Jul 2008.
    7. Hamilton, Jacqueline M., 2007. "Coastal landscape and the hedonic price of accommodation," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(3-4), pages 594-602, May.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Emission reduction; deforestation; Indonesia;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • Q54 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Climate; Natural Disasters and their Management; Global Warming

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