This paper explores, using Japanese panel data for the years 1988-2002, how externalities from congestion and human capital influence deaths caused by chronic illnesses. Major findings through fixed effects 2SLS estimation were as follows: (1) the number of deaths were smaller in more densely-populated areas, and this tendency was more distinct for males; (2) higher human capital correlated with a decreased number of deaths, with the effect being greater in females than in males. These findings suggest that human capital and positive externalities stemming from congestion make a contribution to improving lifestyle, which is affected differently by socio-economic circumstance in males and females.
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Paper provided by University Library of Munich, Germany in its series MPRA Paper with number
10833.
Find related papers by JEL classification: R58 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics - - Regional Government Analysis - - - Regional Development Policy I19 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Other
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