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Cheap employment: ¿Aumenta el empleo manufacturero con una depreciación real?

Author

Listed:
  • Lina Cardona-Sosa

    (Instituto de Estudios Fiscales)

  • Fredy Gamboa-Estrada

    (Banco de la República de Colombia)

  • Jesahel Higuera-Barajas

    (Universidad Javeriana de Bogotá)

Abstract

La literatura económica establece que la depreciación de la tasa de cambio favorece la competitividad de un país al disminuir no sólo los precios relativos de la producción nacional con respecto al resto del mundo sino también al reducir el precio de insumos productivos como el trabajo. De acuerdo con lo anterior, un aumento generalizado de la tasa de cambio o una depreciación debería, ceteris paribus, aumentar los niveles de ocupación del país. Para el caso colombiano, poco se sabe del efecto causal de la depreciación real en la generación de empleo. En este documento se explora el efecto que las variaciones de la tasa de cambio real tienen en la variación de la ocupación industrial para las trece principales ciudades. Para lograr lo anterior, hacemos uso de la composición industrial de cada ciudad y de sus niveles de interacción con el resto del mundo con el fin de identificar el grado de exposición a fluctuaciones de la tasa de cambio. Los resultados sugieren que para el caso de la industria manufacturera, transable, una depreciación de la tasa de cambio exportadora del 1% por encima del promedio de la muestra, genera un aumento en el empleo del 0.2%. Dicho efecto no se ve amplificado por una mayor orientación exportadora. De otro lado, una depreciación real de la tasa importadora del 1% por encima del promedio de la muestra, está relacionado con una reducción en el empleo local cercano al 0.4%. Este último resultado sugeriría la existencia de complementariedades entre el empleo local y los insumos extranjeros pues frente al encarecimiento de la producción importada, se reduce no sólo la demanda de importados sino también la del empleo local. En general, la evidencia sugiere que la depreciación real tiene mayores efectos sobre el empleo manufacturero por el encarecimiento de las importaciones que por el efecto de abaratamiento de las exportaciones. **** ABSTRACT: The economic literature establishes that increases in the exchange rate (i.e., a depreciation) favors a country's competitiveness by decreasing not only country’s relative prices but the price of productive inputs such as labor. Little is known about the causal effect between exchange rate depreciations and the level of employment in Colombia. This paper explores the effects that changes in the real exchange rate have on industrial employment for the thirteen major cities of the country. To do so, we take into account the degree of exposure of each city to exchange rate fluctuations. We use the industrial composition of each city and its levels of interaction with the rest of the world. The results suggest that when the export exchange rate depreciates 1% above the average of the sample, industrial employment increases by 0.2%. This effect is not amplified by a greater export orientation. Contrarily, when the import exchange rate depreciates 1% above the average of the sample, local employment is reduced by 0.4%. This last result suggests the existence of complementarities between local employment and foreign inputs, as not only the demand for imported goods but also for local employment is reduced when the exchange rate increases. The evidence suggests that the largest effects of an exchange rate depreciation on industrial employment are mainly due to the increase of the imports' cost and less due to cheapening exports.

Suggested Citation

  • Lina Cardona-Sosa & Fredy Gamboa-Estrada & Jesahel Higuera-Barajas, 2019. "Cheap employment: ¿Aumenta el empleo manufacturero con una depreciación real?," Borradores de Economia 1062, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
  • Handle: RePEc:bdr:borrec:1062
    DOI: 10.32468/be.1062.pdf?sequence=7
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Empleo industrial; depreciación; Industrial employment; depreciation;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F31 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - Foreign Exchange
    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure

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