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Greenfield versus merger and acquisition FDI: Same wine, different bottles?

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  • Ronald B. Davies
  • Rodolphe Desbordes
  • Anna Ray

Abstract

Relying on a large foreign direct investment (FDI) transaction level dataset, unique both in terms of disaggregation and time and country coverage, this paper examines patterns in greenfield (GF) versus merger and acquisition (M&A) investment. Although both are found to seek out large markets with low international barriers, important differences emerge. M&A is more affected by geographic and cultural barriers and exhibits opportunistic behaviours as it is more sensitive to temporary shocks such as a currency crisis. Further, M&A is more affected by destination factors such as financial development and institutional quality. GF, on the other hand, is relatively more driven by factors such as origin comparative advantage and destination taxes. These empirical facts are consistent with the conceptual distinction made between these two modes, i.e., M&A involves transfer of ownership for integration or arbitrage reasons while GF relies on firms’ own capacities, which are linked to origin country attributes. They also suggest that GF and M&A are likely to respond differently to policies intended to attract FDI. Constructions neuves versus fusions et acquisitions par investissement direct à l’étranger : même vin, bouteilles différentes ? À l’aide d’une banque de données sur l’investissement direct à l’étranger (IDE) au niveau des transactions, qui est unique tant par sa désagrégation que par sa couverture de pays, ce texte examine les patterns de ce qui s’accomplit par construction neuve (CN) par opposition à ce qui se fait par fusions et acquisitions (FA). Même si les deux canaux sont utilisés pour envahir les grands marchés dotés de faibles barrières internationales à l’entrée, d’importantes différences émergent. Les FA sont affectées davantage par les barrières géographiques et culturelles et sont davantage le fait de comportements opportunistes en ce sens qu’elles sont sensibles aux chocs temporaires tels que les crises de devises. De plus, les FA sont affectées davantage par les facteurs reliés à la destination tels que le développement financier et la qualité des institutions. D’autre part, les CN sont davantage enclenchées par des facteurs comme les avantages comparatifs des pays d’origine et la fiscalité des pays de destination. Ces faits empiriques sont cohérents avec la distinction conceptuelle qui est faite entre ces deux modes d’expansion, c.‐à‐d., les FA employant un transfert de propriété aux fins d’intégration ou d’arbitrage, alors que les CN reposent sur les capacités des firmes elles‐mêmes qui sont rattachées aux attributs des pays d’origine. Les auteurs suggèrent que les canaux CN et FA sont susceptibles de répondre différemment aux politiques imaginées dans le but d’attirer les investissements directs de l’étranger.

Suggested Citation

  • Ronald B. Davies & Rodolphe Desbordes & Anna Ray, 2018. "Greenfield versus merger and acquisition FDI: Same wine, different bottles?," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 51(4), pages 1151-1190, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:51:y:2018:i:4:p:1151-1190
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12353
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    7. Jackie M. L. Chan & Huanhuan Zheng, 2022. "FDI on the move: cross-border M&A and migrant networks," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 158(3), pages 947-985, August.
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    9. Perafán-Peña, Héctor Fabio & Gill-de-Albornoz, Belén & Giner, Begoña, 2022. "Earnings management of target firms and deal premiums: The role of industry relatedness," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 54(2).
    10. Axel Prettl & Dominik Hagen, 2023. "Multinational ownership patterns and anti-tax avoidance legislation," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 30(3), pages 565-634, June.
    11. Nugent, Jeffrey B. & Lu, Jiaxuan, 2021. "China's outward foreign direct investment in the Belt and Road Initiative: What are the motives for Chinese firms to invest?," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    12. Xie, Dan, 2023. "Tariff cost and cross-border M&A affiliate sales: Evidence from China," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    13. Andre Jungmittag & Robert Marschinski, 2023. "Service trade restrictiveness and foreign direct investment—Evidence from greenfield FDI in business services," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 46(6), pages 1711-1758, June.
    14. Marcus Biermann, 2022. "The role of management practices in acquisitions and the FDI location decision," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(1), pages 137-165, February.
    15. Sasidaran Gopalan & Alice Ouyang & Ramkishen S. Rajan, 2018. "Impact of Greenfield FDI versus M&A on growth and domestic investment in developing Asia," Economia Politica: Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics, Springer;Fondazione Edison, vol. 35(1), pages 41-70, April.
    16. Haruka Takayama, 2021. "Greenfield or Brownfield? FDI Entry Mode and Intangible Capital," Discussion Paper Series DP2021-24, Research Institute for Economics & Business Administration, Kobe University.
    17. Sangyup Choi & Davide Furceri & Chansik Yoon, 2021. "Policy uncertainty and foreign direct investment," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(2), pages 195-227, May.
    18. Mayda, Anna-Maria & Parsons, Christopher & Pham, Han & Vézina, Pierre-Louis, 2022. "Refugees and foreign direct investment: Quasi-experimental evidence from US resettlements," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    19. Blonigen, Bruce A. & Cristea, Anca & Lee, Donghyun, 2020. "Evidence for the effect of monitoring costs on foreign direct investment," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 601-617.
    20. Aneta Bobeni? Hinto?ová & Michaela Bruothová, 2019. "A link between innovation performance and inward foreign direct investments: A case of Slovakia," Proceedings of International Academic Conferences 9812114, International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.
    21. Steven Brakman & Harry Garretsen & Michiel Gerritse & Charles van Marrewijk & Charles van Marrewijk, 2018. "A Model of Heterogeneous Firm Matches in Cross-Border Mergers & Acquisitions," CESifo Working Paper Series 7083, CESifo.
    22. Ding, Haoyuan & Fan, Haichao & Li, Chang & Qiu, Larry D., 2023. "The effects of discriminatory protections on cross-border mergers and acquisitions," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(2), pages 501-523.

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    • F21 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements

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