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Population growth in European cities: Weather matters -- but only nationally

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Paul Cheshire
Stefano Magrini

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Abstract

CHESHIRE P. C. and MAGRINI S. (2006) Population growth in European cities: weather matters -- but only nationally, Regional Studies 40, 23--37. This paper investigates differences in the rate of growth of population across the large city-regions of the European Union (EU)-12 between 1980 and 2000. The US model, which assumes perfect factor mobility, does not seem well adapted to European conditions. There is evidence strongly suggesting that equilibrating migration flows between cities in different countries are highly constrained in the EU. However, quality-of-life motives do seem to be a significant and important feature of differential population growth rates if measured relative to national rather than EU-12 values. Once other factors are allowed for, a systematic and highly significant factor determining rates of urban population growth is climatic variation. Cities with better weather than that of their countries have systematically tended to gain population over the past 20 years once other factors -- including natural rates of increase in the areas of each country outside the major cities -- are allowed for: there is no such effect for climate variables if expressed relative to the value of the EU-12 as a whole. On the other hand, there is evidence that the systematic spatial gains from European integration are reflected in a city's population growth, as are systematic differences in their economic inheritance and the degree to which their economies interact with those of neighbouring cities. The results are tested for spatial dependence and remain robust. Growth, Cities, Quality-of-life differences, Mobility, Migration CHESHIRE P. C. and MAGRINI S. (2006) La croissance de la population dans les grandes villes européennes: le climat n'a pas d'importance que sur le plan national, Regional Studies 40, 23--37. Cet article cherche à étudier les écarts du taux de croissance de la population à travers les grandes régions-cités de l'Union européenne à 12 entre 1980 et l'an 2000. Le modèle américain, qui suppose la mobilité parfaite des facteurs de production, ne semble pas bien adapté aux conditions européennes. De fortes preuves laissent supposer qu'il est difficile d'équilibrer les flux migratoires intervilles dans les divers pays de l'Ue. Cependant, la qualité de la vie semble être un facteur à la fois significatif et important de la variation des taux de croissance de la population si l'on les mesure par rapport aux valeurs nationales plutôt qu'aux valeurs de l'Ue à 12. Compte tenu d'autres facteurs, un déterminant systématique et très significatif de la croissance de la population urbaine s'avère le changement du climat. Les grandes villes dont le climat s'avère mieux que celui du pays ont eu systématiquement tendance à augmenter leur population sur les vingt dernières années, compte tenu d'autres facteurs -- à savoir le taux de croissance naturel des zones de chaque pays situées en dehors des grandes villes majeures: il n'y a pas de tel effet si les variables relatives au climat s'expriment par rapport à la valeur globale de l'Ue à 12. D'autre part, tout indique que les gains géographiques systématiques qui proviennent de l'intégration européenne se reflètent dans la croissance de la population d'une grande ville ainsi que les différences systématiques de leur patrimoine économique et le point auquel leur économie agit sur l'économie des grandes villes voisines. On analyse les résultats pour déterminer la dépendance géographique, et ils restent solides. Croissance, Grandes villes, Différences de la qualité de la vie, Mobilité, Migration CHESHIRE P. C. and MAGRINI S. (2006) Bevölkerungszunahme in europäischen Städten: Wetter ist wichtig, doch nur innerhalb der Staatsgrenzen, Regional Studies 40, 23--37. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht Unterschiede in der Wachstumsrate der „Bevölkerung in den Großstadtregionen der EU-12 im Zeitraum 1980--2000. Das Modell der USA, das vollkommene Mobilität der Faktoren „voraussetzt, scheint europäischen Verhältnissen nicht ganz gerecht zu werden. Es gibt Anzeichen, die entschieden vermuten lassen, daß einander aufwiegende Wanderungsströme zwischen Städten verschiedener Nationalstaaten in der EU streng beschränkt sind. Motive der Lebensqualitäten scheinen jedoch ein signifikantes und wichtiges Merkmal der Bevölkerungszuwachsraten zu sein, solange sie eher im Vergleich mit landesstaatlichen als den EU-12 -- Werten gemessen werden. Wenn man andere Faktoren berücksichtigt, werden klimatische Unterschiede zu einem systematischen und hochsignifikanten Faktor, der die Raten städtischer Bevölkerungszunahme bestimmt. Städte mit besserem Wetter als dem ihrer Länder zeigten während der letzten 20 Jahre eine „systematische Tendenz zu Bevölkerungszuwachs auf, solange andere Faktoren -- einschließlich natürlicher Vermehrungsraten in den Gebieten jeden Landes außerhalb der größeren Städte -- einbezogen werden: es gibt keinen derartigen Effekt für Klimavariable, wenn sie im Verhältnis zum Wert der gesamten EU-12 ausgedrückt werden. Andrerseits gibt es Anzeichen, daß die systematischen Raumvorteile, die europäische Integration mit sich bringt, sich im Bevölkerungszuwachs einer Stadt widerspiegeln, wie auch die systematischen Unterschiede in ihrem wirtschaftlichen Erbe, und in den Ausmaß, in dem ihre Wirtschaften auf die benachtbarter Städte einwirken. Die Ergebnisse werden auf räumliche Abhängigkeit geprüft, und bleiben stabil. Städtische, ländliche und regionale Wirtschaften: regionale Wanderung, regionale Arbeitsmärkte, Bevölkerung, Mathematische und quantitative Methoden CHESHIRE P. C. and MAGRINI S. (2006) Crecimiento de la población en ciudades europeas: el clima importa, pero sólo a nivel nacional, Regional Studies 40, 23--37. En este ensayo se investigan qué diferencias existen en la tasa de crecimiento de la población en regiones de grandes ciudades de la UE12 entre 1980 y 2000. El modelo de los Estados Unidos, que supone una movilidad perfecta de factores, no parece que encaje bien con las condiciones de Europa. Existen pruebas que indican claramente que los flujos de migración equilibrada entre ciudades de diferentes países están muy limitados en la Unión Europea. No obstante, parece que el motivo de la calidad de vida es una característica significativa e importante a tener en cuenta en las tasas de crecimiento de la población diferencial si es medido en función de valores naciones y no según valores de la UE12. Cuando se permiten otros factores, uno de los factores sistemáticos más significativos para determinar las tasas de crecimiento de la población urbana es la variación climática. Las ciudades que gozan de mejor clima que otras zonas del país mostraron una tendencia sistemática a ganar población en los últimos 20 años si se incluyen otros factores, por ejemplo las tasas de aumento naturales en áreas de los países lejos de las ciudades principales: no existe tal efecto para las variables climáticas si se expresa con relación al valor de EU-12 en su conjunto. Por otra parte, existen pruebas de que el sistemático incremento espacial causado por la integración europea queda reflejado en un crecimiento de la población en las ciudades, y lo mismo ocurre con las diferencias sistemáticas en sus herencias económicas y el grado en que interactúan sus economías con las de las ciudades vecinas. Hemos comprobado los resultados con respecto a la dependencia espacial y no varían. Crecimiento, Ciudades, Diferencias en la calidad de vida, Movilidad, Migración

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Article provided by Taylor and Francis Journals in its journal Regional Studies.

Volume (Year): 40 (2006)
Issue (Month): 1 (February)
Pages: 23-37
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Handle: RePEc:taf:regstd:v:40:y:2006:i:1:p:23-37

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  1. Graves, Philip E., 1979. "A life-cycle empirical analysis of migration and climate, by race," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 6(2), pages 135-147, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  2. Glaeser, E.L. & Scheinkman, J.A., 1993. "Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Cities," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 1645, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research.
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  3. Cheshire, Paul C. & Magrini, Stefano, 2002. "The distinctive determinants of European urban growth: Does one size fit all?," ERSA conference papers ersa02p100, European Regional Science Association. [Downloadable!]
  4. Graves, Philip E. & Linneman, Peter D., 1979. "Household migration: Theoretical and empirical results," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 6(3), pages 383-404, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. Paul Cheshire & Stefano Magrini, 2005. "European Urban Growth - throwing some Economic Light into the Black Box," ERSA conference papers ersa05p13, European Regional Science Association. [Downloadable!]
  6. Jordan Rappaport, 2004. "Moving to Nice Weather," Econometric Society 2004 North American Summer Meetings 188, Econometric Society. [Downloadable!]
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  7. Jordan Rappaport, 1999. "Local Growth Empirics," CID Working Papers 23, Center for International Development at Harvard University. [Downloadable!]
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  8. Gyourko, Joseph & Tracy, Joseph, 1991. "The Structure of Local Public Finance and the Quality of Life," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 99(4), pages 774-806, August. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. C. Clark & F. Wilson & J. Bradley, 1969. "Industrial location and economic potential in Western Europe," Regional Studies, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 3(2), pages 197-212, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Philip E Graves, 2003. "Nonoptimal levels of suburbanization," Environment and Planning A, Pion Ltd, London, vol. 35(2), pages 191-198, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  11. Gyourko, Joseph & Kahn, Matthew & Tracy, Joseph, 1999. "Quality of life and environmental comparisons," Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, in: P. C. Cheshire & E. S. Mills (ed.), Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, edition 1, volume 3, chapter 37, pages 1413-1454 Elsevier. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  12. Katrin Rehdanz & David Maddison, 2004. "The Amenity Value of Climate to German Households," Working Papers 2004.57, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. [Downloadable!]
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  13. Blomquist, Glenn C & Berger, Mark C & Hoehn, John P, 1988. "New Estimates of Quality of Life in Urban Areas," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 78(1), pages 89-107, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  1. Paul Cheshire & Stefano Magrini, 2008. "Urban Growth Drivers in a Europe of Sticky People and Implicit Boundaries," SERC Discussion Papers 0010, Spatial Economics Research Centre, LSE. [Downloadable!]
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  2. Paul Cheshire & Stefano Magrini, 2006. "European Urban Growth: Now for Some Problems of Spaceless and Weightless Econometrics," ERSA conference papers ersa06p156, European Regional Science Association. [Downloadable!]
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  3. Paul Cheshire & Stefano Magrini, 2008. "Urban Growth Drivers and Spatial Inequalities: Europe - a case with geographically sticky people," Working Papers 2008_32, University of Venice "Ca' Foscari", Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  4. González-Val, Rafael & Lanaspa, Luis & Sanz, Fernando, 2008. "New Evidence on Gibrat’s Law for Cities," MPRA Paper 10411, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  5. Jordan Rappaport, 2003. "Moving to nice weather," Research Working Paper RWP 03-07, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. [Downloadable!]
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  6. Maarten Bosker & Gerard Marlet, 2006. "Urban growth and decline in Europe," Working Papers 06-18, Utrecht School of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  7. Paul Cheshire & Stefano Magrini, 2005. "Analysing Growth and Distribution Dynamics - Isolating Divergence Factors," ERSA conference papers ersa05p749, European Regional Science Association. [Downloadable!]
  8. Bianca Biagi & D. Lambiri & V. Royuela, 2006. "Quality of Life in the Economic and Urban Economic Literature," Working Paper CRENoS 200610, Centre for North South Economic Research, University of Cagliari and Sassari, Sardinia. [Downloadable!]
  9. Paul Cheshire & Stefano Magrini, 2005. "European Urban Growth - throwing some Economic Light into the Black Box," ERSA conference papers ersa05p13, European Regional Science Association. [Downloadable!]
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