IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/masfgc/v27y2022i4d10.1007_s11027-022-10007-8.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Low-carbon energy strategies and financial development in developing economies: investigating long-run influence of credit and equity market development

Author

Listed:
  • Mohd Irfan

    (Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad)

  • Muhammad Shahbaz

    (Beijing Institute of Technology)

Abstract

Though previous research has focused on the impact of financial development on renewable energy or energy efficiency in developed countries, no study has examined the effect of credit and equity market development on energy efficiency and renewable energy consumption in developing countries. The possibility of any spillover effects of low-carbon energy strategies on each other has also been overlooked. Hence, this study investigates the role of credit and equity market development in influencing energy efficiency and renewable energy consumption for developing economies. The dataset contains a panel of 27 developing economies covering annual data over 2000–2017 for variables of interest, including energy efficiency improvements, renewable energy consumption, development of credit market, and development of equity market. The empirical analysis employs a panel cointegration test to uncover the cointegrating relationship among the variables after controlling the effects of economic growth, technological progress, and urbanization. The panel fully modified ordinary least square technique is used to estimate the long-run effects. The empirical findings show that variables in this study are cointegrated, and the long-run coefficient estimates show that development in the credit market promotes energy efficiency only. However, the development in the equity market promotes both energy efficiency and renewable energy consumption. Energy efficiency and renewable energy consumption create a positive effect on each other. These findings reveal an immediate need for better coordination between financial development and low-carbon energy strategies for developing economies. The transition into a low-carbon energy system cannot ignore the trade-off between energy efficiency and renewable energy.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohd Irfan & Muhammad Shahbaz, 2022. "Low-carbon energy strategies and financial development in developing economies: investigating long-run influence of credit and equity market development," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 27(4), pages 1-26, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:masfgc:v:27:y:2022:i:4:d:10.1007_s11027-022-10007-8
    DOI: 10.1007/s11027-022-10007-8
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11027-022-10007-8
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s11027-022-10007-8?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bilal Mehmood & Syed Hassan Raza & Mahwish Rana & Huma Sohaib & Muhammad Azhar Khan, 2014. "Triangular Relationship between Energy Consumption, Price Index and National Income in Asian Countries: A Pooled Mean Group Approach in Presence of Structural Breaks," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 4(4), pages 610-620.
    2. Robert C. Feenstra & Robert Inklaar & Marcel P. Timmer, 2015. "The Next Generation of the Penn World Table," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 105(10), pages 3150-3182, October.
    3. Lv, Yulan & Chen, Wei & Cheng, Jianquan, 2020. "Effects of urbanization on energy efficiency in China: New evidence from short run and long run efficiency models," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    4. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Hoang, Thi Hong Van & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Roubaud, David, 2017. "Energy consumption, financial development and economic growth in India: New evidence from a nonlinear and asymmetric analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 199-212.
    5. Magdalena Ziolo & Sandra Jednak & Gordana Savić & Dragana Kragulj, 2020. "Link between Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Economic and Financial Development in OECD Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-28, November.
    6. Álvarez-Herránz, Agustín & Balsalobre, Daniel & Cantos, José María & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2017. "Energy Innovations-GHG Emissions Nexus: Fresh Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 90-100.
    7. Hashem Pesaran, M. & Yamagata, Takashi, 2008. "Testing slope homogeneity in large panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 142(1), pages 50-93, January.
    8. Mohd Irfan & Krishnendu Shaw, 2017. "Modeling the effects of energy consumption and urbanization on environmental pollution in South Asian countries: a nonparametric panel approach," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 51(1), pages 65-78, January.
    9. Usama Al-Mulali & Ilhan Ozturk & Hooi Lean, 2015. "The influence of economic growth, urbanization, trade openness, financial development, and renewable energy on pollution in Europe," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 79(1), pages 621-644, October.
    10. Muhammad Awais Baloch & Ilhan Ozturk & Festus Victor Bekun & Danish Khan, 2021. "Modeling the dynamic linkage between financial development, energy innovation, and environmental quality: Does globalization matter?," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(1), pages 176-184, January.
    11. Hyunjoo Kim Karlsson & Kristofer Månsson & Scott Hacker, 2021. "Revisiting the nexus of the financial development and economic development: new international evidence using a wavelet approach," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 60(5), pages 2323-2350, May.
    12. Kao, Chihwa, 1999. "Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 90(1), pages 1-44, May.
    13. Yilmaz Bayar & Marius Dan Gavriletea, 2019. "Energy efficiency, renewable energy, economic growth: evidence from emerging market economies," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 53(4), pages 2221-2234, July.
    14. Im, Kyung So & Pesaran, M. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol, 2003. "Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 115(1), pages 53-74, July.
    15. Sharma, Rajesh & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Sinha, Avik & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2021. "Examining the temporal impact of stock market development on carbon intensity: Evidence from South Asian countries," MPRA Paper 108925, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2021.
    16. Zeqiraj, Veton & Sohag, Kazi & Soytas, Ugur, 2020. "Stock market development and low-carbon economy: The role of innovation and renewable energy," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    17. Dhakouani, Asma & Znouda, Essia & Bouden, Chiheb, 2019. "Impacts of energy efficiency policies on the integration of renewable energy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    18. Peter Pedroni, 1999. "Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 61(S1), pages 653-670, November.
    19. Tobias O. Olweny & Danson Kimani, 2011. "Stock market performance and economic growth Empirical Evidence from Kenya using Causality Test Approach," Advances in Management and Applied Economics, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 1(3), pages 1-9.
    20. Mehmet Akif, Destek & Muhammad, Shahbaz & Ilyas, Okumus & Shawkat, Hammoudeh & Avik, Sinha, 2020. "The relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions in G-7 countries: evidence from time-varying parameters with a long history," MPRA Paper 100514, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised Apr 2020.
    21. Pesaran, M. Hashem & Vanessa Smith, L. & Yamagata, Takashi, 2013. "Panel unit root tests in the presence of a multifactor error structure," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 175(2), pages 94-115.
    22. Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Nor, Safwan Mohd & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2017. "Directional and bidirectional causality between U.S. industry credit and stock markets and their determinants," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 46-61.
    23. Engle, Robert & Granger, Clive, 2015. "Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 39(3), pages 106-135.
    24. Ji, Qiang & Zhang, Dayong, 2019. "How much does financial development contribute to renewable energy growth and upgrading of energy structure in China?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 114-124.
    25. Dmitry Burakov & Max Freidin, 2017. "Financial Development, Economic Growth and Renewable Energy Consumption in Russia: A Vector Error Correction Approach," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 7(6), pages 39-47.
    26. Nasreen, Samia & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Abbas, Qaisar, 2020. "How do financial globalization, institutions and economic growth impact financial sector development in European countries?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    27. Paramati, Sudharshan Reddy & Mo, Di & Gupta, Rakesh, 2017. "The effects of stock market growth and renewable energy use on CO2 emissions: Evidence from G20 countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 360-371.
    28. Wang, Shaojian & Zeng, Jingyuan & Liu, Xiaoping, 2019. "Examining the multiple impacts of technological progress on CO2 emissions in China: A panel quantile regression approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 140-150.
    29. Liddle, Brantley, 2012. "The importance of energy quality in energy intensive manufacturing: Evidence from panel cointegration and panel FMOLS," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(6), pages 1819-1825.
    30. Gabriel, Stuart A. & Rosenthal, Stuart S., 2013. "Urbanization, agglomeration economies, and access to mortgage credit," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(1), pages 42-50.
    31. Dalia M. Ibrahiem, 2018. "Road energy consumption, economic growth, population and urbanization in Egypt: cointegration and causality analysis," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 20(3), pages 1053-1066, June.
    32. Mahapatra, Bamadev & Irfan, Mohd, 2021. "Asymmetric impacts of energy efficiency on carbon emissions: A comparative analysis between developed and developing economies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    33. Johansen, Soren, 1991. "Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 59(6), pages 1551-1580, November.
    34. Rahman, Mohammad Mafizur & Velayutham, Eswaran, 2020. "Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus: New evidence from South Asia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 399-408.
    35. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2007. "A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 22(2), pages 265-312.
    36. Pedroni, Peter, 1999. "Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 61(0), pages 653-670, Special I.
    37. Mhadhbi, Mayssa & Gallali, Mohamed Imen & Goutte, Stephane & Guesmi, Khaled, 2021. "On the asymmetric relationship between stock market development, energy efficiency and environmental quality: A nonlinear analysis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    38. Cantore, Nicola & Calì, Massimiliano & Velde, Dirk Willem te, 2016. "Does energy efficiency improve technological change and economic growth in developing countries?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 279-285.
    39. Lichao Wu & David C. Broadstock, 2015. "Does economic, financial and institutional development matter for renewable energy consumption? Evidence from emerging economies," International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 8(1), pages 20-39.
    40. Zeynep Sezgin, 2013. "Ecological Modernization at the Intersection of Environment and Energy," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 3(Special), pages 93-101.
    41. Acaravci, Ali & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2010. "Electricity consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from panel data for transition countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 604-608, May.
    42. Mazzucato, Mariana & Semieniuk, Gregor, 2018. "Financing renewable energy: Who is financing what and why it matters," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 8-22.
    43. Avik Sinha, 2015. "Modeling Energy Efficiency and Economic Growth: Evidences from India," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 5(1), pages 96-104.
    44. Xu Han & Xianli Xia & Minjuan Zhao & Ke Xu & Xingguang Li, 2020. "Synergistic Effects between Financial Development and Improvements in New-type Urbanization: Evidence from China," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 56(9), pages 2055-2072, July.
    45. Sadorsky, Perry, 2009. "Renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(10), pages 4021-4028, October.
    46. Jagadish Prasad Bist, 2018. "Financial development and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of 16 African and non-African low-income countries," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 6(1), pages 1449780-144, January.
    47. Anton, Sorin Gabriel & Afloarei Nucu, Anca Elena, 2020. "The effect of financial development on renewable energy consumption. A panel data approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 330-338.
    48. Abdullahi D. Ahmed & Abu N.M. Wahid, 2011. "Financial structure and economic growth link in African countries: a panel cointegration analysis," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 38(3), pages 331-357, August.
    49. Sarkar, Ashok & Singh, Jas, 2010. "Financing energy efficiency in developing countries--lessons learned and remaining challenges," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(10), pages 5560-5571, October.
    50. Franco, Sainu & Mandla, Venkata Ravibabu & Ram Mohan Rao, K., 2017. "Urbanization, energy consumption and emissions in the Indian context A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 898-907.
    51. Yung-Hsiang Ying & Koyin Chang & Chen-Hsun LEE, 2014. "The Impact of Globalization on Economic Growth," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(2), pages 25-34, June.
    52. Rajbhandari, Ashish & Zhang, Fan, 2018. "Does energy efficiency promote economic growth? Evidence from a multicountry and multisectoral panel dataset," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 128-139.
    53. Rolf Larsson & Johan Lyhagen & Mickael Lothgren, 2001. "Likelihood-based cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 4(1), pages 1-41.
    54. Luciano Gutierrez, 2002. "On the power of panel cointegration tests: A Monte Carlo comparison. Economics Letters, 80(1):105-111," Econometrics 0211003, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 20 May 2003.
    55. Pengfei Sheng & Yaping He & Xiaohui Guo, 2017. "The impact of urbanization on energy consumption and efficiency," Energy & Environment, , vol. 28(7), pages 673-686, November.
    56. Katsiaryna Svirydzenka, 2016. "Introducing a New Broad-based Index of Financial Development," IMF Working Papers 2016/005, International Monetary Fund.
    57. Richard B. Howarth, 1997. "Energy Efficiency And Economic Growth," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 15(4), pages 1-9, October.
    58. Hafezali Iqbal Hussain & Beata Slusarczyk & Fakarudin Kamarudin & Hassanudin Mohd Thas Thaker & Katarzyna Szczepańska-Woszczyna, 2020. "An Investigation of an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System to Predict the Relationship among Energy Intensity, Globalization, and Financial Development in Major ASEAN Economies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-17, February.
    59. Gutierrez, Luciano, 2003. "On the power of panel cointegration tests: a Monte Carlo comparison," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 80(1), pages 105-111, July.
    60. Best, Rohan, 2017. "Switching towards coal or renewable energy? The effects of financial capital on energy transitions," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 75-83.
    61. Ali M. Kutan & Sudharshan Reddy Paramati & Mallesh Ummalla & Abdulrasheed Zakari, 2018. "Financing Renewable Energy Projects in Major Emerging Market Economies: Evidence in the Perspective of Sustainable Economic Development," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(8), pages 1761-1777, June.
    62. Zafar, Muhammad Wasif & Zaidi, Syed Anees Haider & Sinha, Avik & Gedikli, Ayfer & Hou, Fujun, 2019. "The role of stock market and banking sector development, and renewable energy consumption in carbon emissions: Insights from G-7 and N-11 countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 427-436.
    63. Liu, Xuyi & Kong, Hao & Zhang, Shun, 2021. "Can urbanization, renewable energy, and economic growth make environment more eco-friendly in Northeast Asia?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 23-33.
    64. Chen, Zhongfei & Huang, Wanjing & Zheng, Xian, 2019. "The decline in energy intensity: Does financial development matter?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    65. Poumanyvong, Phetkeo & Kaneko, Shinji, 2010. "Does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower CO2 emissions? A cross-country analysis," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(2), pages 434-444, December.
    66. Kim, Jeayoon & Park, Kwangwoo, 2016. "Financial development and deployment of renewable energy technologies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 238-250.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lahiani, Amine & Mefteh-Wali, Salma & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2021. "Does financial development influence renewable energy consumption to achieve carbon neutrality in the USA?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    2. Habiba, Umme & Xinbang, Cao, 2023. "The contribution of different aspects of financial development to renewable energy consumption in E7 countries: The transition to a sustainable future," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 703-714.
    3. Mohammad Mafizur Rahman & Xuan-Binh (Benjamin) Vu & Son Nghiem, 2022. "Economic Growth in Six ASEAN Countries: Are Energy, Human Capital and Financial Development Playing Major Roles?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-17, April.
    4. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Topcu, Betül Altay & Sarıgül, Sevgi Sümerli & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2021. "The effect of financial development on renewable energy demand: The case of developing countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 1370-1380.
    5. Liu, Wei & Shen, Yedan & Razzaq, Asim, 2023. "How renewable energy investment, environmental regulations, and financial development derive renewable energy transition: Evidence from G7 countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 1188-1197.
    6. Francisco García-Lillo & Eduardo Sánchez-García & Bartolomé Marco-Lajara & Pedro Seva-Larrosa, 2023. "Renewable Energies and Sustainable Development: A Bibliometric Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-22, January.
    7. Ramesh Chandra Das & Tonmoy Chatterjee & Enrico Ivaldi, 2022. "Nexus between Housing Price and Magnitude of Pollution: Evidence from the Panel of Some High- and-Low Polluting Cities of the World," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-18, July.
    8. Ibrahiem, Dalia M. & Hanafy, Shaimaa A., 2021. "Do energy security and environmental quality contribute to renewable energy? The role of trade openness and energy use in North African countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 667-678.
    9. Oğuz Saygın & Ömer İskenderoğlu, 2022. "Does the level of financial development affect renewable energy? Evidence from developed countries with system generalized method of moments (System‐GMM) and cross‐sectionally augmented autoregressive," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(5), pages 1326-1342, October.
    10. Ulaş Ünlü & Furkan Yıldırım & Ayhan Kuloğlu & Ersan Ersoy & Emin Hüseyin Çetenak, 2022. "Nexus between Renewable Energy, Credit Gap Risk, Financial Development and R&D Expenditure: Panel ARDL Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-19, December.
    11. Saidi, Hichem & El Montasser, Ghassen & Ajmi, Noomen, 2018. "Renewable Energy, Quality of Institutions and Economic Growth in MENA Countries: a Panel Cointegration Approach," MPRA Paper 84055, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    12. Acikgoz, Senay & Ben Ali, Mohamed Sami, 2019. "Where does economic growth in the Middle Eastern and North African countries come from?," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 172-183.
    13. Breitung, Jörg & Pesaran, Mohammad Hashem, 2005. "Unit roots and cointegration in panels," Discussion Paper Series 1: Economic Studies 2005,42, Deutsche Bundesbank.
    14. In Choi, 2012. "Panel Cointegration," Working Papers 1208, Nam Duck-Woo Economic Research Institute, Sogang University (Former Research Institute for Market Economy).
    15. Francois, John Nana & Ahmad, Nazneen & Keinsley, Andrew & Nti-Addae, Akwasi, 2022. "Heterogeneity in the long-run remittance-output relationship: Theory and new evidence," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    16. Brantley Liddle, 2013. "The Energy, Economic Growth, Urbanization Nexus Across Development: Evidence from Heterogeneous Panel Estimates Robust to Cross-Sectional Dependence," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 2).
    17. Mohammed Musah, 2023. "Stock market development and environmental quality in EU member countries: a dynamic heterogeneous approach," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(10), pages 11153-11187, October.
    18. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Sinha, Avik & Raghutla, Chandrashekar & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2022. "Decomposing scale and technique effects of financial development and foreign direct investment on renewable energy consumption," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    19. Muhammad Bilal Khan & Hummera Saleem & Malik Shahzad Shabbir & Xie Huobao, 2022. "The effects of globalization, energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in South Asian countries," Energy & Environment, , vol. 33(1), pages 107-134, February.
    20. Jin, Taeyoung, 2022. "The evolutionary renewable energy and mitigation impact in OECD countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 570-586.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:masfgc:v:27:y:2022:i:4:d:10.1007_s11027-022-10007-8. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.