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La causalité entre la monnaie et le revenu : une analyse fondée sur un modèle VARMA-échelon

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  • Dufour, Jean-Marie

    (Département de sciences économiques, Université de Montréal)

  • Tessier, David

    (Département des Relations Internationales, Banque du Canada)

Abstract

Causality analysis in the sense of Wiener-Granger are usually based on a vector autoregressive (VAR) specification of the data-generating process. This is the case in particular for the numerous studies of causality between money and income in macro-economics. Since a VAR specification is typically only approximate and, most importantly, is not robust to disaggregation into subvectors, we study here causality between money and income using the more general and logically coherent framework of vector ARMA models (VARMA). To solve the identification problems associated with such models, we consider a VARMA model in echelon form, which is automatically identified. To specify the orders of the model, we use the new methodology proposed by Nsiri and Roy (1992, 1996) which is based on estimating the Kronecker indices of the model. This approach is applied to a five-variable model of the U.S. economy, containing: real income, the price level, a short-term interest rate, the monetary base and the M1 multiplier. Contrary to earlier studies, we find that monetary variables (base and multiplier) cause income (in the sense of Granger), causality being unidirectional causality in the case of the base, while the interest rate does not cause income directly but may have an indirect effect through monetary variables. The price level appears to be a passive variable with no influence on the other variables of the system. Les analyses de causalité, au sens de Wiener-Granger, sont habituellement fondées sur une spécification autorégressive (VAR) du processus générateur des données. C’est le cas, en particulier, pour les nombreuses études de causalité entre la monnaie et le revenu au niveau macroéconomique. Comme la spécification VAR ne constitue qu’une approximation et surtout n’est pas robuste à la désagrégation en sous-vecteurs, nous étudions ici la causalité entre monnaie et revenu à partir du cadre plus général et logiquement cohérent des modèles ARMA multivariés (VARMA). Pour résoudre les problèmes d’identification associés à ces modèles, nous considérons un modèle VARMA sous la forme échelon, lequel fournit automatiquement un modèle identifié. Nous utilisons, pour spécifier les ordres du modèle, la nouvelle méthodologie proposée par Nsiri et Roy (1992, 1996) et fondée sur une estimation des indices de Kronecker du modèle. Cette approche est appliquée à un modèle de l’économie américaine comprenant cinq variables : le revenu réel, le niveau des prix, un taux d’intérêt à court terme, la base monétaire et le multiplicateur de M1. Contrairement à certaines études antérieures, nous trouvons que les variables monétaires (base et multiplicateur) causent le revenu (au sens de Granger), la relation étant unidirectionnelle dans le cas de la base, tandis que le taux d’intérêt ne cause pas directement le revenu, mais a possiblement un effet indirect passant par les variables monétaires. Le niveau des prix apparaît comme une variable passive sans influence sur les autres variables du système.

Suggested Citation

  • Dufour, Jean-Marie & Tessier, David, 1997. "La causalité entre la monnaie et le revenu : une analyse fondée sur un modèle VARMA-échelon," L'Actualité Economique, Société Canadienne de Science Economique, vol. 73(1), pages 351-366, mars-juin.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:actuec:v:73:y:1997:i:1:p:351-366
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