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Mobilités professionnelles et cycle de vie

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  • Arnaud Dupray
  • Isabelle Recotillet

Abstract

[fre] Les opportunités de mobilité professionnelle diffèrent selon l’âge et l’ancienneté dans l’entreprise, deux composantes essentielles du cycle de vie active. La propension à changer d’emploi décline tout au long de celui-ci, notamment au cours des dix premières années de vie professionnelle et après 45 ans. Ne pas changer de poste pendant cinq ans devient d’ailleurs la norme après 40 ans. Les mobilités hors de l’entreprise sont d’autant plus avantageuses en matière d’avancement salarial et d’autant moins risquées au regard d’éventuelles interruptions d’emploi qu’elles surviennent tôt dans le cours des itinéraires professionnels. Les perspectives de mobilités internes favorables courent en revanche sur un horizon plus long puisqu’elles plafonnent aux environs de 45 ans. La mobilité interne s’avère ainsi globalement plus payante que la mobilité externe. Au-delà des promotions qui nécessitent leur implication, . les employeurs restent des acteurs significatifs de la mobilité en prenant part à plus de quatre changements sur dix. Au regard de l’ancienneté, les chances de valorisation de la mobilité augmentent sur un horizon de moyen terme, après quoi, en l’absence d’opportunité en interne, le risque de mobilité ponctuée d’interruption d’emploi s’élève. Les femmes sont plus exposées à la mobilité externe et nettement plus touchées par les interruptions d’emplois, tandis que les hommes connaissent davantage d’opportunités de mobilité interne et arrivent pour plus de la moitié à maîtriser leurs conditions de départ pour ceux qui quittent l’entreprise. Les femmes apparaissent plus contraintes dans leur mobilité à la fois du fait de conditions d’emploi moins favorables et de raisons extra-professionnelles en rapport avec des événements familiaux ou la mobilité professionnelle de leur conjoint. [ger] Die Gelegenheiten zur beruflichen Mobilität unterscheiden . sich je nach dem Alter und der Betriebszugehörigkeit, zwei wesentliche Komponenten des Erwerbslebens. Die Bereitschaft zum Arbeitsplatzwechsel nimmt im Laufe des Erwerbslebens ab, insbesondere in den ersten zehn Jahren und ab dem 45. Lebensjahr. Ab Vollendung . des 40. Lebensjahrs findet in der Regel fünf . Jahre lang kein Arbeitsplatzwechsel statt. Die Mobilität außerhalb des Unternehmens ist für den Aufstieg eines Arbeitnehmers umso vorteilhafter für die Entlohnung und umso weniger riskant im Hinblick auf etwaige Beschäftigungsunterbrechungen, wenn sie in der Berufslaufbahn frühzeitig erfolgt. Dagegen sind die Perspektiven der internen Mobilität über einen längeren Zeitraum günstig, da sie erst ca. ab dem 45. Lebensjahr stagnieren. So ist die interne Mobilität insgesamt vorteilhafter als die externe. Über die Beförderungen hinaus, die ihre Mitwirkung erfordern, sind die Arbeitgeber wichtige Akteure der Mobilität, da sie zu mehr als vier von zehn beitragen. Mit der Dauer der Betriebszugehörigkeit nehmen die Chancen, dass die Mobilität förderlich ist, mittelfristig zu. In Ermangelung interner Gelegenheiten . steigt danach das Risiko, dass die Mobilität mit Beschäftigungsunterbrechungen . einhergeht. Frauen sind in stärkerem Maße von der externen Mobilität und insbesondere von Beschäftigungsunterbrechungen betroffen, wohingegen sich Männern mehr Gelegenheiten zur internen Mobilität bieten. Mehr als der Hälfte der Männer gelingt es, im Fall von Mobilität ihre Bedingungen für das Ausscheiden aus dem Unternehmen durchzusetzen. Frauen sind in ihrer Mobilität stärker eingeschränkt, da ihre Beschäftigungsbedingungen . weniger günstig sind und außerberufliche . Gründe wie Familienereignisse oder die Mobilität ihres . Ehemanns eine Rolle spielen. [spa] Las oportunidades de movilidad profesional difieren . según la edad y la antigüedad en la empresa, dos componentes esenciales del ciclo de vida activa. La propensión a cambiar de empleo declina a lo largo de todo el ciclo, en especial en el transcurso de los diez primeros años de vida profesional y después de los 45 años. No cambiar de puesto durante cinco años se convierte además en norma después de los 40 años. La movilidad fuera de la empresa es más ventajosa en materia de mejora salarial y menos arriesgada respecto a eventuales interrupciones del empleo cuanto más temprano se produzca en el transcurso de las trayectorias profesionales. Las perspectivas de movilidad interna favorables discurren, en cambio, por un horizonte más largo, ya que llegan al límite aproximadamente a los 45 años. La movilidad interna resulta así globalmente más provechosa que la movilidad externa. Más allá de las promociones que necesitan su implicación, los empresarios siguen siendo significativos actores de la movilidad, ya . que participan en más de cuatro cambios de cada diez. En cuanto a la antigüedad, las probabilidades de valorización de la movilidad aumentan en un horizonte de medio plazo, y después de eso, si no existen oportunidades internas, se eleva el riesgo de movilidad acompañada por interrupción del empleo. Las mujeres están más expuestas a la movilidad externa y se ven claramente más afectadas por la interrupción del empleo, mientras que los hombres conocen más oportunidades de movilidad interna y más de la mitad logran controlar sus condiciones de salida cuando abandonan la empresa. Las mujeres están más limitadas en su movilidad debido tanto a las condiciones de empleo menos favorables como a razones extraprofesionales relacionadas con eventos familiares o la movilidad profesional de su cónyuge. [eng] Opportunities for career mobility differ by age and length of service in the organisation— two essential components of the working-life cycle. The propensity to change jobs declines throughout a working career, notably . in the first ten years and after age 45. Over age 40, not changing positions for five years effectively becomes . the norm. Taking up a job in a new organisation brings greater rewards in terms of pay and involves a lower risk of breaks in employment if the move occurs early in one’s career. By contrast, positive prospects for internal mobility range over a longer time frame, levelling off at around age 45. Overall, therefore, internal mobility proves to be more advantageous than external mobility. . Employers play a significant role in mobility— in addition . to promotions, which require their involvement— as they are partly responsible for more than four job changes in ten. As regards length of service, the chances of gaining from mobility rise in the medium term; after that, absent in-house opportunities, workers face a higher risk of mobility entailing breaks in employment. Women are more exposed to external mobility and far more vulnerable to breaks in employment; men experience more internal mobility opportunities, and more than half of those leaving their organisations are able to control their terms of departure. Women seem more constrained in their mobility because of less favourable terms of employment and extra-occupational reasons connected to family events or their spouses’ occupational mobility.

Suggested Citation

  • Arnaud Dupray & Isabelle Recotillet, 2009. "Mobilités professionnelles et cycle de vie," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 423(1), pages 31-58.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2009_num_423_1_8023
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2009.8023
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2009.8023
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    2. Arnaud Dupray & Mélanie Vignale, 2022. "Mobilités géographiques : l'influence du territoire d'origine," Post-Print halshs-03936353, HAL.

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