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Emergence of Cooperative Long-Term Market Loyalty in Double Auction Markets

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  • Aleksandra Alorić
  • Peter Sollich
  • Peter McBurney
  • Tobias Galla

Abstract

Loyal buyer-seller relationships can arise by design, e.g. when a seller tailors a product to a specific market niche to accomplish the best possible returns, and buyers respond to the dedicated efforts the seller makes to meet their needs. We ask whether it is possible, instead, for loyalty to arise spontaneously, and in particular as a consequence of repeated interaction and co-adaptation among the agents in a market. We devise a stylized model of double auction markets and adaptive traders that incorporates these features. Traders choose where to trade (which market) and how to trade (to buy or to sell) based on their previous experience. We find that when the typical scale of market returns (or, at fixed scale of returns, the intensity of choice) become higher than some threshold, the preferred state of the system is segregated: both buyers and sellers are segmented into subgroups that are persistently loyal to one market over another. We characterize the segregated state analytically in the limit of large markets: it is stabilized by some agents acting cooperatively to enable trade, and provides higher rewards than its unsegregated counterpart both for individual traders and the population as a whole.

Suggested Citation

  • Aleksandra Alorić & Peter Sollich & Peter McBurney & Tobias Galla, 2016. "Emergence of Cooperative Long-Term Market Loyalty in Double Auction Markets," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(4), pages 1-26, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0154606
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154606
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Robin Nicole & Peter Sollich, 2018. "Dynamical selection of Nash equilibria using reinforcement learning: Emergence of heterogeneous mixed equilibria," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(7), pages 1-37, July.
    2. Robin Nicole & Aleksandra Alori'c & Peter Sollich, 2020. "Fragmentation in trader preferences among multiple markets: Market coexistence versus single market dominance," Papers 2012.04103, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2021.
    3. Robin Nicole & Peter Sollich, 2017. "Dynamical selection of Nash equilibria using Experience Weighted Attraction Learning: emergence of heterogeneous mixed equilibria," Papers 1706.09763, arXiv.org.

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