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Quality forecasts: Predicting when and how much markets value higher‐protein wheat

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  • Anton Bekkerman

Abstract

Wheat markets stand out among other major crop commodity markets because pricing at the first point of exchange—typically a grain handling facility—is differentiated on specific quality characteristics. Moreover, the premiums and discounts that elevators offer to obtain grain of specific quality can be significant. The relative importance of quality premiums and discounts to farm‐level production and marketing decisions demonstrate a need to quantitatively measure and explain factors that affect elevators' wheat‐quality pricing decisions. This study develops an informed expectation model of elevators' quality‐based pricing strategies and empirically estimates the model from a lengthy dataset of weekly price observations. I find empirical evidence that elevators use linear pricing schedules, but more aggressively discount wheat with protein levels lower than a baseline than reward higher‐protein wheat. The results also indicate that weather characteristics, futures contract price indicators, and USDA Crop Progress reports are contributors to predicting the new crop protein premiums and discounts, and that out‐of‐sample accuracy for predicting how grain elevators will value wheat protein ranges between 70% and 80%. Les marchés du blé se distinguent des autres principaux marchés de produits agricoles parce que les prix au premier point d'échange—généralement une installation de manutention du grain—sont différenciés en fonction de caractéristiques de qualité spécifiques. De plus, les primes et rabais offerts par les élévateurs à grain pour obtenir des grains d'une qualité spécifique peuvent être importants. L'importance relative des primes de qualité et des remises sur les décisions de production et de commercialisation au niveau des exploitations démontre la nécessité de mesurer et d'expliquer quantitativement les facteurs qui affectent les décisions des élévateurs en matière de prix pour la qualité du blé. Cette étude développe un modèle éclairé des attentes de stratégies de tarification des élévateurs à grain basés sur la qualité et estime empiriquement le modèle à partir d'une longue série d'observations de prix hebdomadaires. J'ai trouvé des preuves empiriques que les élévateurs utilisent des barèmes de prix linéaires, mais baissent de manière plus agressive le prix du blé ayant des niveaux de protéines inférieurs à une base de référence qui favorise le blé à plus forte teneur en protéines. Les résultats indiquent également que les caractéristiques météorologiques, les indicateurs de prix des contrats à terme et les rapports USDA Crop Progress contribuent à prédire les primes et rabais pour les protéines de la nouvelle récolte, et que la précision hors échantillon pour prédire comment les élévateurs à grains évalueront les protéines de blé se situe entre 70 % et 80 %.

Suggested Citation

  • Anton Bekkerman, 2021. "Quality forecasts: Predicting when and how much markets value higher‐protein wheat," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 69(4), pages 465-490, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:canjag:v:69:y:2021:i:4:p:465-490
    DOI: 10.1111/cjag.12300
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    References listed on IDEAS

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