Análisis para la creación de una blockchain pública nacional como sistema alternativo de pago para alcanzar la soberanía económica en un Ecuador dolarizado

This thesis analyzes the possibility of creating a national public blockchain as a tool to regain degrees of economic sovereignty in dollarized Ecuador. While dollarization brought stability after the inflationary storm of the 1990s, it generated fiscal rigidity, dependence on remittances, exposure to external shocks, and a financial system that barely addresses the inclusion needs of popular sectors. The research proposes a sovereign digital infrastructure enabling payments, secure information storage, document management, token issuance, and even online elections with full cryptographic security. Based on international experiences (Sand Dollar, eNaira, Drex) and Ecuador's failed electronic money experiment (2014-2018), the thesis designs a technical architecture called "EC-Soberano Ledger" with BFT-PoS consensus, distributed governance, self-sovereign identity (SSI), and ISO 20022 interoperability. The proposal includes a regulatory framework with reforms to the Monetary Code and the creation of a National Digital Infrastructure Authority (ANID). The conclusions suggest that Ecuador faces a historic window of opportunity to combine clear laws, massive digital literacy, progressive pilots, and shared governance to build a digital fabric that restores maneuverability within dollarization.