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Enclosed by Walls, Embraced by Trees: Effects of Indoor Residential Crowding and Outdoor Green Space on Mental Health

Author

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  • Wang, Xuelu
  • Liu, Tao
  • Wang, Xize

    (National University of Singapore)

Abstract

Despite growing interest in how the urban built environment influences mental health, few studies have examined them across indoor-outdoor domains and subgroups. Using survey data from Beijing, we find that both residential crowding (indoor) and neighborhood green space (outdoor) are linked to depression risk. Specifically, residential crowding mainly affects local residents, while green space mainly affects migrants, with these effects varying by gender and family structure. The findings highlight that built environment inequality leads to health disparities, and planning strategies promoting mental health should address both indoor and outdoor factors and be tailored to the needs of specific vulnerable groups.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Xuelu & Liu, Tao & Wang, Xize, 2026. "Enclosed by Walls, Embraced by Trees: Effects of Indoor Residential Crowding and Outdoor Green Space on Mental Health," SocArXiv 8nkp5_v1, Center for Open Science.
    • Handle: RePEc:osf:socarx:8nkp5_v1
    DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/8nkp5_v1
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