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Shipping Emissions in Ports

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  • Olaf Merk

    (OECD)

Abstract

Shipping could – in one way - be considered a relatively clean transport mode. This is particularly the case if one takes the angle of emissions per tonne-kilometre. Typical ranges of CO2 efficiencies of ships are between 0 and 60 grams per tonne-kilometre, this range is 20-120 for rail transport and 80-180 for road transport (IMO 2009). There is considerable variety between vessel types and CO2 efficiency generally increases with vessel size; e.g. CO2 emissions per tonne-km (in grams per year) for a container feeder ship (with capacity up to 500 TEU) were 31.6, three times higher than the emissions for Post Panamax container ships, with a capacity larger than 4,400 TEU (Psaraftis and Kontovas, 2008). This difference is even larger for dry bulk ships, with a difference of more than a factor 10 between the smallest vessels (up to 5000 dwt) and capsize vessels (> 120,000 dwt).

Suggested Citation

  • Olaf Merk, 2014. "Shipping Emissions in Ports," International Transport Forum Discussion Papers 2014/20, OECD Publishing.
    • Handle: RePEc:oec:itfaab:2014/20-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrw1ktc83r1-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Kai Zhou & Xiang Yuan & Ziyuan Guo & Jianrui Wu & Ruijia Li, 2024. "Research on Sustainable Port: Evaluation of Green Port Policies on China’s Coasts," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-25, May.
    2. Jingwen Qi & Hans Wang & Jianfeng Zheng, 2022. "Shore Power Deployment Problem—A Case Study of a Chinese Container Shipping Network," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-13, June.
    3. Laura Recuero Virto, 2017. "A preliminary assessment of indicators for SDG 14 on " Oceans "," Post-Print hal-01639008, HAL.
    4. Francisco deManuel-López & David Díaz-Gutiérrez & Alberto Camarero-Orive & José Ignacio Parra-Santiago, 2024. "Iberian Ports as a Funnel for Regulations on the Decarbonization of Maritime Transport," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-19, January.
    5. Seyedvahid Vakili & Alessandro Schönborn & Aykut I. Ölçer, 2022. "Application of the transdisciplinary shipyard energy management framework by employing a fuzzy multiple attribute group decision making technique toward a sustainable shipyard: case study for a Bangla," Journal of Shipping and Trade, Springer, vol. 7(1), pages 1-28, December.
    6. Tiago A. Santos, 2025. "Sustainable Port Operations: Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Strategies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-27, May.
    7. Winkel, R. & Weddige, U. & Johnsen, D. & Hoen, V. & Papaefthimiou, S., 2016. "Shore Side Electricity in Europe: Potential and environmental benefits," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 584-593.
    8. Ronald A. Halim & Lucie Kirstein & Olaf Merk & Luis M. Martinez, 2018. "Decarbonization Pathways for International Maritime Transport: A Model-Based Policy Impact Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-30, June.
    9. Hualong Yang & Xuefei Ma & Yuwei Xing, 2017. "Trends in CO 2 Emissions from China-Oriented International Marine Transportation Activities and Policy Implications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-17, July.
    10. Tatiana Potapenko & Jessica S. Döhler & Francisco Francisco & George Lavidas & Irina Temiz, 2023. "Renewable Energy Potential for Micro-Grid at Hvide Sande," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-17, January.
    11. Raeesi, Ramin & Sahebjamnia, Navid & Mansouri, S. Afshin, 2023. "The synergistic effect of operational research and big data analytics in greening container terminal operations: A review and future directions," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 310(3), pages 943-973.
    12. Ángeles Longarela-Ares & Anxo Calvo-Silvosa & José-Benito Pérez-López, 2024. "Investment preference for either technical or operational energy efficiency measures to achieve sustainable maritime shipping," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(12), pages 30723-30747, December.
    13. Abu Bakar, Nur Najihah & Bazmohammadi, Najmeh & Vasquez, Juan C. & Guerrero, Josep M., 2023. "Electrification of onshore power systems in maritime transportation towards decarbonization of ports: A review of the cold ironing technology," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    14. Elyakim Ben-Hakoun & Eddy Van De Voorde & Yoram Shiftan, 2022. "Trends in Emission Inventory of Marine Traffic for Port of Haifa," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-24, January.
    15. Wang, Lifen & Liang, Chengji & Shi, Jian & Molavi, Anahita & Lim, Gino & Zhang, Yue, 2021. "A bilevel hybrid economic approach for optimal deployment of onshore power supply in maritime ports," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    16. Seyed Behbood Issa-Zadeh & Claudia Lizette Garay-Rondero, 2025. "Decarbonizing Seaport Maritime Traffic: Finding Hope," World, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-19, April.
    17. Theo Notteboom & Larissa van der Lugt & Niels van Saase & Steve Sel & Kris Neyens, 2020. "The Role of Seaports in Green Supply Chain Management: Initiatives, Attitudes, and Perspectives in Rotterdam, Antwerp, North Sea Port, and Zeebrugge," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-23, February.
    18. Dai, Lei & Hu, Hao & Wang, Zhaojing, 2020. "Is Shore Side Electricity greener? An environmental analysis and policy implications," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    19. Nguyen, Phong Nha & Kim, Hwayoung, 2024. "Analysis of effectiveness for cargo operation productivity considering environmental efficiency on container ports in the Northeast Asian region," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 111-123.
    20. Pivetta, D. & Dall’Armi, C. & Sandrin, P. & Bogar, M. & Taccani, R., 2024. "The role of hydrogen as enabler of industrial port area decarbonization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    21. Jana Lippelt & Ana Maria Montoya Gómez & Lily McCarthy, 2016. "Kurz zum Klima: Land in Sicht? Emissionen der internationalen Schifffahrt und Herausforderungen des Klimawandels," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 69(16), pages 67-76, August.

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