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Reforming Policies on Foreign Workers in Israel

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  • Adriana Kemp

Abstract

Since the early 1990s, Israel has enacted a managed migration scheme for low-skilled foreign workers. Originally designed to replace Palestinian cross-border workers from the Occupied Territories in the secondary labour market, in 2007 foreign workers comprised 8.7% of the private-sector labour force, 40% of them without permits. Foreign workers are employed in three major sectors: construction, agriculture and home-care for the elderly. The latter has become the largest and fastest-growing sector employing foreign workers, mainly women. The Israeli temporary labour migration scheme is characterised by a strong dependency of certain sectors on foreign workers; disengagement of governmental agencies from direct involvement in recruitment, inspection of work conditions, effective enforcement of labour laws, and provision of services for foreign workers; a strong emphasis on temporariness coupled with lengthy and sometimes indefinite extension of possible stay (up to 63 months and potentially more); and lastly, by an entrenched client politics that guides policies on quota setting, permit allocation and employer subsidies. Recent government decisions that seek to overcome the distorting effects of the scheme on the Israeli labour market, while tempering deep-rooted norms that violate workers' labour and human rights, are heading in the right direction. However, they are also destined to fail if the scheme is not substantially revised in all its parts rather than through a patchwork of focused and segmented measures. Depuis le début des années 1990, Israël a promulgué un système de gestion de l’immigration des travailleurs étrangers peu qualifiés, initialement conçu pour remplacer les travailleurs transfrontaliers des territoires palestiniens, occupés dans le marché secondaire du travail. En 2007, les travailleurs étrangers représentaient 8,7% de la force de travail du secteur privé, dont 40% étaient en situation irrégulière. Les travailleurs étrangers sont employés principalement dans trois secteurs : le BTP, l’agriculture et les soins à domicile pour les personnes âgées. Ce dernier secteur est devenu le plus important et a connu la plus forte croissance de l’emploi des travailleurs étrangers, principalement des femmes. Le régime temporaire des migration de travail en Israël se caractérise par une forte dépendance de certains secteurs envers les travailleurs étrangers; un désengagement des organismes gouvernementaux dans le processus de recrutement, la surveillance des conditions de travail, l’exécution effective des réglementations du travail, et les services de soutien aux travailleurs étrangers ; l’accent mis sur le caractère temporaire du séjour, malgré les possibilités d’extension parfois infinies (jusqu’à 63 mois et plus) et, enfin, par une politique clientéliste persistante guidée par la fixation de quotas, l’attribution des permis et des subventions à l’employeur. Quelques décisions récentes du gouvernement visant à neutraliser les effets néfastes de ce système de gestion du marché du travail israélien, tout en tempérant les normes profondément enracinées qui violent les droits du travail et de l’homme, vont dans la bonne direction. Cependant, elles seront aussi vouées à l’échec si l’ensemble du système n’est pas sensiblement revu, à la place d’un patchwork de mesures ciblées et segmentées.

Suggested Citation

  • Adriana Kemp, 2010. "Reforming Policies on Foreign Workers in Israel," OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 103, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:elsaab:103-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmjnr8pbp6f-en
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    Cited by:

    1. repec:ilo:ilowps:486459 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Neuman, Shoshana., 2014. "Job quality in segmented labour markets : the Israeli case: country case study on labour market segmentation," ILO Working Papers 994864593402676, International Labour Organization.
    3. Neuman, Shoshana, 2015. "Job Quality in Segmented Labor Markets: The Israeli Case," CEPR Discussion Papers 10734, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    4. Shoshana Neuman, 2014. "Job Quality in Segmented Labor Markets: The Israeli Case," Working Papers 2014-12, Bar-Ilan University, Department of Economics.
    5. Neuman, Shoshana, 2014. "Job Quality in Segmented Labor Markets: The Israeli Case," IZA Discussion Papers 8750, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    6. Yoram Ida & Gal Talit & Sigal Levy, 2020. "Restrictions on the Employment of Migrant Workers in the Israeli Domestic Care Sector: Do They Really Work?," Journal of International Migration and Integration, Springer, vol. 21(3), pages 693-709, September.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    binding system; closed skies; elderly home-care; foreign workers scheme; human trafficking; Israel; Palestinian non-citizen workers; private brokers;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F22 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - International Migration
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

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